Hand-book for travellers in Egypt; including descriptions of the course of the Nile to the second cataract, Alexandria, Cairo, the pyramids, and Thebes, the overland transit to India, the peninsula of Mount Sinai, the oases, &c. Being a new edition, corrected and condensed, of "Modern Egypt and Thebes" [Electronic Edition]

INTRODUCTION.

a. Journey from England to Egypt. — b. Expenses to Egypt and India by
France. — c. Steamers from Marseilles to Egypt. — d. Steamers from
England by Gibraltar and Malta to Alexandria and India. — e. Quarantine
returning from Egypt.

a. JOURNEY FROM ENGLAND TO EGYPT.

THE most usual route from England to Egypt is by Gibraltar and
Malta, or through France by Paris and Marseilles, and thence to
Malta and Alexandria. There is another route through Germany
by the Danube to Constantinople, and thence by Syra to Alexandria,
which has been described in the Hand-books of Southern
Germany, and of the East; and those who happen to be in the
vicinity of the Adriatic, and do not wish to cross Italy to Naples
or other ports in direct communication with Malta, may find
their way by the Ionian Islands and Greece to Egypt; or by the
Austrian steamer direct from Trieste to Alexandria.

b. EXPENSES TO EGYPT AND INDIA BY FRANCE

Though the expenses of a journey depend on the arrangements
made by the traveller, the following, for which I am indebted to a
gentleman who passed through France in 1841, on his way to India,
may give some notion of the charges on the route by Châlons and
Lyons to Marseilles:

	sh.	fr.	sous.
Fare in steam-boat to Boulogne	15 or	18	10
Expenses at Boulogne		17
Passport, passing baggage, &c.		12
Diligence to Paris and dinner		20
Extra for luggage by diligence		9	10
Porters to and from Meurice's		3
Meurice's bill		16
Fare to Châlons by diligence		44
Extra for luggage		12
Porter at Châlons and expenses on the road		6
Bill at Châlons		12
Servants at Châlons		2
Passage in steam-boat to Lyons		8
Bill at Lyons		20
Porters to and from hotel		6
Place in diligence to Marseilles		41
Luggage at Marseilles		19
Total from England to Marseilles or £ 10 12s. 9 1/2d.		266	0

According to another Calculation.
	£.
London to Paris	4
In Paris	1
Paris to Châlons	3
Paris to Lyons	1
Paris to Avignon	3
Paris to Marseilles	2
Total from England to Marseilles	14
Thence direct to Alexandria	27
Alexandria to Suez	15
Total from London to Suez	56
From Suez to Bombay is from 52 to	72
Making the total to Bombay	128

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In returning from India there is an additional expense for
quarantine, which may be calculated at 11l. 10s. for the 17 days at
Malta (or less if shared by two persons), making the total, according
to the second calculation, 139l. 10s.

It may be observed — 1st. That the first of the above calculations
appears to be made on the most economical plan; — 2nd. That in
both, the sum total does not include stoppages on the road, but
allows only for the actual expenses of the direct journey; — 3d.
That 170l. is generally considered necessary for a person leaving
India for England, who intends to travel economically by public
conveyances, or 150l. if taking a deck passage.

c. STEAMERS FROM MARSEILLES TO EGYPT.

French steamers run direct from Marseilles to Egypt, and the
old line by Syra is abandoned.

There is also an English steamer between Marseilles and Malta
which goes once a month to and from Malta, where it meets the
packet coming direct from England. The fare from Marseilles to
Malta is 9l. including board, for a 1st class passenger; that of the
2nd class being 5l., living also included. It leaves Marseilles on the
9th of every month, arriving at Malta early on the third day, or the
12th; and brings with it the London mail for India, which is made
up on the 4th, unless it should happen to fall on a Sunday, when it
is deferred till the following day. By this junction-steamer letters
can be despatched from London three or four days later than by the
packet that goes round by Gibraltar to Malta.

The arrangements of the Mediterranean steamers are frequently
changing; and it is therefore advisable to refer to the Tariffs issued
annually by the different companies.

d. STEAMERS FROM ENGLAND BY GIBRALTAR AND MALTA.

Steamers leave Southampton to Alexandria and India on the 3rd
and 20th of every month for Alexandria, calling at Gibraltar and
Malta. They are connected with the overland journey to India.

Those who have time to spare may visit Lisbon, and the neighbourhood,
or Cadiz and Seville, by going out in one of the previous
Gibraltar steamers, which leave England every week, (touching at
Vigo, Oporto, Lisbon, and Cadiz, on the way to Gibraltar) and join
the Alexandrian packet, the week or fortnight after, at Gibraltar.

The following is the latest information published by the Peninsular
and Oriental Company respecting their steamers to Egypt and
India.

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“THE OUTWARD ROUTE.

“First Line. — England to Alexandria, Aden, Bombay, Ceylon, Madras, and
Calcutta, Penang, Singapore, and Hong Kong. 20th of every Month.

“The Company's Steamers (vessels of about 1500 tons and 450
horse-power) start from Southampton on the 20th of every month, at
2 P. M., and after calling at Gibraltar and Malta, and receiving at the
latter place the mail of the 24th from England, brought from Marseilles
to Malta by Her Majesty's steamers, arrive at Alexandria in
about sixteen days from Southampton.

Passengers are conveyed through Egypt by the Transit Administration
of his Highness the Pacha of Egypt.

The mode of transit is as follows: — 1st, Alexandria to Atfeh, by
the Mahmoodeeh Canal, in large track boats, towed by a steam-tug
or by horses. (See Route 6.)

2nd, From Atfeh, at the junction of the canal with the Nile, to
Boulak (the port of Cairo), by the river Nile, in steamers. (See
Route 6.)

3rd, Cairo to Suez across the desert; this part of the journey is
performed in carriages. (See Route 7.)
The entire journey from Alexandria to Suez is performed with
ease in about sixty hours, including a night's rest at Cairo, and a
sufficient time for refreshment and repose at the central station between
Cairo and Suez.

The following are extracts from the Tariff of the Transit Administration: —

'Passengers are furnished with three meals per diem, during the time they
are en route, free of charge, but their expenses at hotels must be defrayed by
themselves, as also wines, beer, &c. during their entire transit.
'The portmanteaus, trunks, carpet bags, &c. of the passengers, must
bear the name and destination of the owners; such inscription to be legible and
well secured.
'On the arrival of each steamer the officer of the administration will attend
to receive the luggage of passengers.
'The administration will not be responsible for any loss or damage of
luggage, nor unavoidable detention.
'The administration will at all times endeavour to employ the easiest means
of conveyance, such as donkey chairs, &c. for invalids and sick persons.”

On arriving at Suez passengers embark on board one of the Company's
steamers for Ceylon, Madras, and Calcutta (vessels of about
1,800 tons and 500 horse-power), which start from Suez about the
10th of every month, call first at Aden, where they coal, and transfer
passengers and mails for Bombay to the Honourable East India

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Company's steamers; the steamer then proceeds to Ceylon, arriving
there in about seventeen days, at Madras in about twenty-two days,
and at Calcutta in about twenty-seven days from Suez, including
all stoppages.

Passengers for Penang, Singapore, and Hong Kong, leave the
main line at Ceylon, and there embark in one of the Company's
branch steamers (vessels of about 1,000 tons and 300 horse-power,)
and which arrive at Penang in about six days, at Singapore in about
nine days, and at Hong Kong in about sixteen days from Ceylon,
including all stoppages.

The length of time therefore of the voyage to India, and China,
by the Overland Route, is as follows: —

England to Bombay	35 days
Ceylon	40 days
Madras	45 days
Calcutta	48 days
Penang	46 days
Singapore	49 days
Hong Kong	56 days

“Second Line. — England to Alexandria, Aden and Bombay, 3d of every
Month.

“A second line of the Company's steamers leave Southampton on
the 3rd of every month, for Gibraltar and Malta, where the passengers
and mails are transferred to their steamer ‘Ariel’ for
Alexandria.

On arriving at Suez, passengers embark on board the Honourable
East India Company's steamers for Bombay: the length of passage
from England to Bombay is about thirty-five days.

The dates of the departure of the Company's steamers from the
several intermediate ports, are about as follows: —

1st, Line Outwards from Gibraltar	25th of the month.
Malta	31st of the month.
Suez	10th of the month.
Aden	16th of the month.
Ceylon (Galle)	28th of the month.
Madras	1st of the month.
Penang	3rd of the month.
Singapore	6th of the month.
2nd. Line Outwards from Gibraltar	9th of the month.
Malta	14th of the month.
Suez (Honourable East India Company's Steamer)	25th of the month.
Aden	30th of the month.

“THE HOMEWARD ROUTE.

“First Line. — Calcutta, Madras, Ceylon, Hong Kong, Singapore, Penang,
and Aden to England.

“From Calcutta	10th of the month.
Bombay (Hon. East India Co.'s Steamers)	15th of the month.
Hong Kong	28th of the month.

The Company's steamers start from Calcutta (Sandheads) on the
10th of every month, except in May, June, and July, when they
start on the 5th. From Calcutta they call at Madras, Ceylon, and
Aden, at which last place they receive the Passengers and Mails
(brought so far by the Hon. East India Company's steamers) from
Bombay. From Aden they proceed to Suez.

On landing at Suez, generally about the 7th of the month, passengers
are conveyed through Egypt in the same way as described
in the outward route, and, on arriving at Alexandria, embark on
board the Company's steamer for England, which conveys them to
Southampton, calling at Malta and Gibraltar. There is now no
quarantine upon this line of steamers, and passengers are allowed
to land at once, the vessel merely calling at the Motherbank to
receive pratique.

“Second Line. — Bombay and Aden to England.

“The Honourable East India Company's steamers leave Bombay
1st of every month, except in the months of May, June, and July,
when they leave on the 20th of the month; the length of passage
from Bombay to Suez is about sixteen days.

On arriving at Alexandria, passengers embark on board the Peninsular
and Oriental Company's steamer ‘Ariel,’ for Malta, where
they go on board another of the Company's steamers for Southampton.

The dates of departure of the steamers from the several intermediate ports homewards are about as follows: —

1st Line.	Homewards	Madras	13th of the month.
		Ceylon	17th of the month.
		Aden	28th of the month.
		Hong Kong	28th of the month.
		Singapore	4th of the month.
		Penang	8th of the month.
	Hon. East India Company's Steamers.	Bombay	15th of the month.

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“2nd Line.	Hon. East India Company's Steamers from	Bombay	1st of the month.
		Aden	11th of the month.
	Peninsular and Oriental Co.'s Steamers.	Alexandria	19th of the month.
		Malta	24th of the month.
		Gibraltar	30th of the month.

“The Rates of Passage Money. — Passengers for Aden, Ceylon,
Madras, Calcutta, Penang, Singapore, and Hong Kong, are booked
through at the Company's Office, including expenses of transit.

Passengers for Bombay are booked only as far as they are conveyed
by the Company's Steamers, but the cost of the passage
throughout will be found in the table below.

The Rates of Passage Money have been lately greatly reduced,
and are

From England to	Aden.	Ceylon.	Madras.	Calcutta.
For a Gentleman	77	113	118	127
For a Lady	82	122	127	136
For a Gentleman and his Wife, a whole cabin throughout	214	290	299	317
Children with their Parents.
5 years and under 10	50	65	70	80
2 years and under 5	35	45	50	60
Not exceeding 2 years	Free.	Free.	Free.	Free.
Servants — European Female	37	46	52	62
European Male	35	44	50	60
Native Female	30	32	38	44
Native Male	26	28	34	40

From England to	Bombay.	Penang.	Singapore.	Hong Kong
For a Gentleman	107	134	142	165
For a Lady	112	143	152	175
For a Gentleman and his Wife, a whole cabin throughout		332	350	396
Children with their Parents.
5 years and under 10		70	75	85
2 years and under 5		50	55	65
Not exceeding 2 years		Free.	Free.	Free.
Servants — European Female		52	57	67
European Male		50	55	65
Native Female		39	44	49
Native Male		35	40	45

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These rates will be proportionately increased according to the
class of accommodation required.

The above rates include transit through Egypt, Steward's fees,
and table, wines, &c., for first-class passengers. Bedding, linen,
and all requisite cabin furniture, is provided in the Steamers at the
Company's expense, together with the attendance of experienced
male and female servants.

For large families an allowance will be made in the foregoing
rates.

“Baggage. — First-class passengers are allowed, in the Company's
Steamers only, on either side of the Isthmus, 3 cut. of personal baggage
free of freight, and children and servants 1 1/2 cwt. each. And
passengers will please to take note, that the Company cannot engage
to take any excess of baggage over that quantity, unless
shipped at Southampton three days before starting and freight paid
thereon.

All baggage must be shipped on the day previous to sailing,
except carpet bags or hat boxes. — All other baggage received on
board on the day of sailing will be considered as extra baggage, and
charged freight as such.

The charge for conveyance of extra baggage, should there be
room in the vessel, will be 2l. per cwt. between Suez and India,
and 1l. per cwt. between England and Alexandria.

Passengers will have to pay the Egyptian Transit Company in
Egypt 16s. per cwt. for conveyance of baggage through, should it
exceed, for first-class passengers, 2 cwt., and children and servants
1 cwt. No package of baggage should exceed 80 lbs. weight.
The best dimensions for a trunk or portmanteau are, length 2 ft.
3 in. — breadth, 1 ft. 2 in. — depth, 1 ft. 2 in.

Every package of baggage should have the owner's name and
place of destination distinctly painted upon it in white letters.

Passengers taking parcels or articles of merchandize in their
baggage will incur the risk of seizure by the Customs' authorities,
and of detention for freight by the Company's agents.

“Passengers for Bombay. — As the Company do not book the
whole way to Bombay, it is well that passengers should know that
they will find no difficulty, or inconvenience, in securing the passage
on, after leaving the Company's ships. If they proceed by the 1st
Line (20th of every month), they have merely to pay on board the
Honourable East India Company's Steamers at Aden, for the passage
from Aden to Bombay. If they proceed by the 2nd Line (3rd

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of the month), they will have to pay for the transit through Egypt,
on arriving at Alexandria, and on arriving at Suez will have to pay
on board the Honourable East India Company's Steamers there for
their passage from Suez to Bombay.

The expenses of transit through Egypt are as under: —

TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION TARIFF.

	From Alexandria to Suez, and vice versâ.
A Lady	In Vans across the Desert.	£12
A Gentleman		12
A Child above 10 years		12
A Child of 5 years and under 10		8
A Child of 2 years and under 5		6
A Child under 2 years		free
A European Female Servant		10
A European Man Servant or Mechanic		8
A Native Female Servant		8
A Native Man Servant on a Dromedary or Donkey		4

The Honourable East India Company's Rates of Passage Money
are as under: —

SUEZ TO BOMBAY.

For a Gentleman	£55	0	0
For a Lady	60	0	0

ADEN TO BOMBAY.

For a Gentleman	£27	10	0
For a Lady	30	0	0

The addition of the rate from Aden to Bombay (should the passenger
proceed by the 1st Line, 20th of the month), to the rate
charged by the Peninsular and Oriental Company from England to
Aden, will give the whole expense of the passage from England to
Bombay; and in the case of a passenger proceeding by the 2nd Line
(3rd of the month), the addition of 40l. (the Company's rate to Alexandria)
to the Transit rate, and the Honourable East India Company's
charge from Suez to Bombay, will also give the total amount
of passage money.”

e. QUARANTINE RETURNING FROM EGYPT.

By going direct in the Steamers from Alexandria to England, the
quarantine is avoided, and pratique is given on reaching the
Motherbank, provided they have a clean bill of health; the voyage
in like manner counts in going by the Austrian Steamers to Trieste.

Those who intend visiting Southern Italy will probably stop at

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Malta, where the quarantine is less irksome than in most places.
The full quarantine with a clean bill of health is 24 days, but the
voyage reduces this number to 19, and it will probably soon be
less than at present; but when the plague is at Alexandria it is
increased to 22 and upwards.

Shortly after the steamer is anchored in the quarantine harbour,
an officer comes alongside to inquire about the number of the passengers,
in order to prepare for their accommodation in the lazaretto,
and fix upon the part they are to occupy. They then go ashore to
choose their rooms, leaving their baggage, properly packed up, to
follow after them. The traveller must make up his mind to be detained
some time before each person is satisfied, and he will be
fortunate if the passengers are few. When numerous, there is often
a scramble for rooms, and two persons are put into the same bed-room.
A sitting-room is not given except as a favour, or when
there are few passengers; but it is not refused to a party of five
or six persons who intend to dine together. If without a servant,
the first thing after securing rooms is to take one, who may be engaged
beforehand by writing to a friend at Malta, or may be found
at the door of the lazaretto; where many come to offer their services,
with letters of recommendation from former masters, which
may be read but not touched. When engaged, they come into
quarantine and perform the same number of days as their master.
They are paid 1s. 8d. a day wages, and 7d. a day for living. Two
or three persons may employ one servant between them. The necessity
of a servant is very evident, when it is remembered that no
guardian is allowed to render the stranger any services beyond those
demanded by lazaretto duties, and there is no one to bring him a
drop of water. Nor can the porters who carry his luggage from the
boat on hand-trucks touch any thing, as they are in pratique, and
all must be put on and taken off by the person himself, or his servant.
This is sufficiently explained in the quarantine regulations,
of which the following is a copy: —

General Regulations to be observed by all Persons performing
Quarantine in the Lazaretto of Malta.

1. All passengers on landing are to give their names to the captain
of the lazaretto, which are to be entered in the registry of
the office.
2. The captain of the lazaretto will assign apartments for passengers,
and each passenger will be provided with two chairs, a table,
and a wooden bedstead, for which no charges are made; but any

xx

damage done by the passengers to the apartments or furniture is to
be made good by them before pratique.
3. Passengers are not to be permitted to enter other apartments;
nor can they be allowed to receive visitors except at the Palatorio
of the lazaretto, and that only during office hours; nor are they to
trespass the limits assigned to them by the captain of the lazaretto.
4. Passengers must pay a strict attention to all the instructions
they may receive from the captain of the lazaretto, and from the
health guardians, and particularly in every point that regards their
baggage, clothes, &c., being properly aired and handled during the
period of their quarantine, and their quarantine will only commence
to reckon from the day on which all their baggage, clothes,
&c. have been duly opened and handled.
5. All letters and parcels, or other effects brought by passengers,
must be given up, in order that they may be fumigated or depurated
separately from them as the occasion may require.
6. All cases of sickness must be reported immediately to the
captain of the lazaretto, and all persons sick are to be visited immediately
by the physician to the lazaretto, after which official
visit passengers are at liberty to avail themselves of any medical
attendance they think proper.
7. Passengers are to pay the government fee for the guardians
employed to attend them, for the number of days of their quarantine,
at the following rates: viz. at 1s. 3d. per day for the guardian who
attends one passenger; and at 2s. 6d. per day for each guardian who
attends more than one passenger. They are to victual the guardian
or guardians during their quarantine, or to pay to each guardian
an allowance of 7d. per day in lieu thereof. It is to be clearly
understood that the guardians are employed solely for quarantine
purposes, and they are strictly prohibited to interfere in any other
service whilst they attend passengers.
8. The office hours at the lazaretto are from 8 A.M. to 12, and
from 2 P.M. to 5 daily; and all letters sent to the fumigating room
before 9 A.M. daily will be delivered in Valetta at 10, and those sent
before 3 will be delivered in Valetta at 4 P.M. by the letter messenger,
who is entitled to receive from the passengers 1d. for each note,
parcel, or letter, as a remuneration for his trouble and for boat-hire.
9. A daily report of all circumstances is to be made by the captain
of the lazaretto to the superintendent of quarantine and marine
police.

E. BONAVIA,
Superintendent of Quarantine and Marine Police.

xxi

N.B. A trattoria has been established at the lazaretto for the
convenience of passengers who wish to avail themselves of it, from
whence they can be supplied with dinners, wines, &c. &c. in their
own apartments.

Beds complete and other articles of furniture, if required, can
also be hired from a person appointed to provide them.

A note of charges for the trattoria, and for the hire of furniture,
will be furnished to the passengers on their applying for it.

The next point, or perhaps the first, is to order breakfast or
dinner from the restaurateur; who has a trattoria in the lazaretto,
though he is in pratique, and brings over provisions every morning
from the town. He will present every one with a tariff of prices,
which are as follows: —

GIOACCHINO ERIQUEZ, INNKEEPER, AT LAZARETTO, MALTA.

Fixed Prices for Breakfast and Dinner for a Single Person.
1. Breakfast at 1s. 2d.

Tea or coffee with milk (at pleasure).

Two eggs.

Butter.

Bread.
2. Breakfast at 1s. 8d.

Tea or coffee with milk (at pleasure).

One dish of hot or cold meat or fish.

Two eggs.

Butter.

Bread.
3. Dinner at 3s.

Soup, fish, or boiled beef (at pleasure).

One entrée.

One roast.

One vegetable dish.

Fruit.

Bread.
4. Dinner at 4s. 4d.

Soup, fish or boiled beef (at pleasure).

One entrée.

One roast.

One sweet dish.

Two dishes of vegetables.

Fruit.

Salad.

Cheese.

Bread.

N. B. — Passengers will be supplied with table-cloths and dinner services,
but they are to pay for any article missing, broken, or in any manner
destroyed. Gentlemen wishing to alter the disposition of the above
detailed dinners, are requested to inform the innkeeper, that the prices
may be altered accordingly. Families having children pay according to
agreement.

If a dinner should be ordered for five or six persons, the innkeeper will give
two entrées in lieu of one without charging for the additional entrée.

xxii

When four or five persons club together, the restaurateur will
make an arrangement to provide dinner and breakfast at a lower
rate, and charge only 3s. 6d. each person for the two; giving soup,
fish, 2 entrées, 1 roast, 2 dishes of vegetables, 2 of fruit and bread,
and the same breakfast as in No. 1.; sufficient remaining from the
dinner for three servants. Wine and all other extras had better be
sent for from the town.

Those who have their batterie de cuisine, a good cook, and other
requisites, may find it more comfortable to cook at home; and a
spenditore, or caterer, will supply every thing required from
Valetta. This would be far preferable for those who wish to dine
late; as it is with great difficulty that the restaurateur can be prevailed
upon to give dinner as late as 5 o'clock, his hour being
usually 4.

The next point is the furniture of the rooms. The government
allow for each person a table, two chairs, a bedstead, and wooden
horses for airing his things, gratis; and the only payment is 1s. 3d.
a day for the guardian, and 7d. for his living. The upholsterer's
low charges for hired furniture show how unnecessary it is to be encumbered
with any of the articles mentioned there. But I should
not recommend a traveller to abstain from carrying with him whatever
he may want for his journey, from any dread of the trouble of
putting it out on the horses, on which all his things must be aired
during his stay in the lazaretto. The bedstead furnished by government
is frequently made into a sort of divan, or given to a servant,
and an iron bedstead with mosquito curtains is hired with the other
things mentioned in the following list: —

J. Antony and Lewis Garcin, Brothers, supply articles of furniture
to passengers at the lazaretto and Fort Manoel, at the following
rates: —

	d.
Iron bedstead with mosquito curtain	2 1/2 per day.
A mattress and two pillows	3
A paliass	0 1/2
A pair of sheets	1
A pair of pillow cases	0 1/2
Coverlids, each	0 1/2
Small mat, bed-side table, &c.	0 1/2
Wash-hand table complete, and tub	1
Dressing table and looking glass	0 1/2

N.B. Passengers taking the whole set of furniture will only pay 8d.
a day.

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Extra furniture may be had, if required, at the following prices
during the quarantine: —

	s.	d.
For a large mat	3	0
a sofa	5	0
an easy chair	2	6
a screen	3	0

Passengers are to pay for any article of furniture missing, torn,
or in any manner damaged or destroyed.

If travellers happen to have any furniture with them, they can
easily dispose of it, when they leave the lazaretto, or send it by sea
to England; and those who have carried a canteen, cooking things,
and table services on their journey, may as well use them in
quarantine.

There are two lazarettos at Malta. That of Fort Manoel is by
far the most comfortable.

The rooms in the lazaretto of Malta are not large, but they are
sufficiently so for one person, and they have the comfort of fire-places,
which, in winter, is a very great point. They are given
gratis, and not as at the Piræus, with the exorbitant charge of 5s. a
day, as if the punishment of imprisonment were not sufficient; for
Quarantine has been justly defined “imprisonment, with the
chance of catching the plague.”

There is one thing very deficient at Malta, the means of transporting
luggage from the beach to the lazaretto, which might be
easily improved, and calls loudly for the attention of all who have
the direction of these matters. A traveller who has no servant finds
himself on the beach without any one to move his things: even if
the sailors are willing to take them to his room, he must wait a long
time, until the boat has landed the whole luggage. Each box has
to be carried some distance; and if he is the last served, he may
have to wait several hours before all his things are removed from
the shore to the lazaretto.

Every one on entering the lazaretto is obliged to unpack all his
things, and put them out on wooden horses, during the whole time
of his stay, the last three days excepted, which are allowed for packing
up; and his quarantine does not begin to count until they have
been so exposed. All sealed letters or packages must also be opened,
unless he chooses to give up the former, and have them forwarded,
after proper fumigation, by the post. Any thing may be sent for
from the town, but nothing can be returned, unless it can pass uninjured
through the process of fumigation. The guardians are

xxiv

obliged every now and then to inspect the rooms, to see that the
things have been laid out and properly exposed to the air. Great
care must be taken to avoid touching any one not in quarantine, as
he would be condemned to pass the same number of days in the
lazaretto as the person so compromising him, who would have to
pay all his expenses; and these he might increase to any amount,
in revenge for his confinement. Equal care should be taken not to
come in contact with any new comer, after a portion of the quarantine
is over; as the person touched would be doomed to an additional
imprisonment, or the same number of days that the other had still
to keep quarantine.

As things cannot be sent to the wash out of the lazaretto, it is
necessary to engage a washerwoman from the town, unless the
traveller has a servant who can perform this office. The washerwoman
is, of course, subject to the same number of days' quarantine
that remain to be performed by her employer, after the time of
her coming into the lazaretto. She is paid 1s. 8d. a day; and for
soap and labour, according to the things washed. If a party join
together, they may share the expenses.

The total expense of quarantine, for living, furniture, guardians,
one servant, a washerwoman during the whole time (which is unnecessary),
letters, coffee, fruit, and other extras for lunch or supper,
for one person is about 11l. 10s., without wine. For two persons,
or a party, less, or about 9l.; for a large party much less, or between
6l. and 7l. each, the guardians then being charged only 11s. 4d.
each person.

Visits may be received during the day, at the parlatorio from
8 A. M., or even 6 A. M., till sunset. The parties stand at a barrier,
separated from each other about 10 feet; but, as a favour, they are
sometimes permitted to sit in the adjoining court, a certain distance
apart, attended by a guardiano, to see that they do not touch each
other, or pass anything out of quarantine.

A person who is alone, and can find friends willing to join him in his
confinement, may obtain quarters for them in the lazaretto. Another
privilege is being allowed to bathe in the sea every morning from
6 till 8, under the surveillance of a guardiano.

On taking pratique, you have only to send your things down to a
boat, and across the harbour to the Marsa Muchétt stairs, from
which they will be carried by porters to the hotel. For taking them
from the rooms in the lazaretto to the boat, you pay according to
the quantity of luggage. For two boxes and two portmanteaus, for
instance, 1s. 6d., which is ample. The boatmen will probably endeavour
to impose on a stranger, but he should remember that the

xxv

hire of a boat across the harbour is only 2d. each person; and if 6d.
be given for two persons with their luggage, it is more than enough.
This is the price of a boat when hired for a whole hour; and the
same is paid to a guardiano, who accompanies any one on a visit to
a friend in the lazaretto. You cannot pay a boat for less than half
the hour, when taken by time.

Porters at Malta are far more troublesome than boatmen, who are
generally very civil and easily satisfied. They are generally paid
6d. for each package, but if very heavy 8d., 10d., and sometimes 1s.
There are also carts with one horse, which will take a load from the
Marina to the main street for the same sum. With regard to a
number of small packages, I recommend a traveller always to have
as few as possible; it is better to put things together in a single
box, or case, than to have many little parcels, which are easily lost,
and give an infinity of trouble in looking after; and if it is thought
necessary to have several of these encumbrances, they had better be
put together into a bag when carried from place to place. The less
baggage one has the better. Have as many comforts as possible in
a small space, but no superfluities. No better name was ever
applied to any thing than “impedimenta” to “baggage” by the
Romans; and an old traveller will always have all he requires very
compactly put away in a small compass.

In landing from a ship in the great harbour, as, for instance, from
the Marseilles, Naples, or Gibraltar steamers, the best plan is to order
the boatmen to take you to the “custom-house,” and on landing
your things, give him 1s., which is liberal pay (in spite of his pretending
to be dissatisfied), and call for one of the many carts that
are always kept ready close to the spot. Your baggage being put
upon it, take care to accompany, or to send your servant with it;
and on arriving at the hotel dismiss the cart with 1s., and the porters
who have loaded it, and carried the things to your rooms, with
another. They would not be satisfied with 58., or any other sum;
but of this no notice need be taken, being well paid; and the assumption
of discontent is part of their profession.

In the great harbour the hire of boats is, — from the Nix Mangiare
stairs, or the Calcara gate, to the ships, or to the dockyard,
— 2d. there, and the same back: and from this harbour to St.
Julian's Bay, Is. You may pay more if you like, and give 6d. instead
of 2d. At night the prices are increased.

Hotels at Malta. — The best hotels in Valetta are, Morell's, in
Strada Forni; Dunsford's, in Strada Reale; Madame Goubeau's, ot

xxvi

the Clarence, in the same street; and the Victoria, in Strada Giovanni,
opposite St. John's church. The smaller ones are, Vicary's,
in Strada Vescovo, looking upon the Parade, lately taken by another
person, and fitted up under the name of the Princess Royal Hotel;
the Hotel de la Mediterranée, in Strada Reale; the Hotel d'Orient,
in Strada Teatro; and a few others of less note.

Morell's is very comfortable, and the prices there and at Dunsford's
are about the same. Madame Goubeau's is the only hotel
with a table d'hôte, which is at 5 o'clock in summer and 6 in
winter, and is pretty good. The house has the advantage of hot
and cold baths. The Mediterranée is small, but has the reputation
of having by far the best cuisine; it is therefore much frequented as
a restaurant, and the prices are moderate. At Morell's a bed-room,
furnished to answer also as a sitting-room, is charged 3s. a day:
breakfast, of tea, bread and butter, and eggs, Is. 6 d.; with toast
and coffee, 2s., with meat, &c., 2s. 6d.: plain dinner, with soup,
meat, &c., 3s., and with side dish, 4s.: tea, 6d., and with bread and
butter, 1s.

Dunsford's is about the same, or a little cheaper.

At the Clarence, a bed-room 2s., and bed-room with small sitting-room
4s., larger apartments paying in proportion: breakfast 1s.
and 1s. 6d.: private dinner 3s. to 4s., and at table d'hôte 2s. 6d.,
exclusive of wines.

There are also lodging-houses, many of which are very comfortable:
two belonging to Dunsford, in Strada Forni, and Strada
Zecca: Morelli's, in Strada Reale, close to the church of Santa
Catharina; and one or two more in Strada Forni. They are well
adapted for persons intending to make some stay in Malta, and
then it is better to come to an agreement, according to the time.
The usual price of a bed-room and sitting-room is about 5s. a day,
and small rooms are charged 3s. The average price of dinner is 4s.,
and breakfast 1s. 6d.

English money is the current coin in Malta, from a sovereign to
a farthing.

Carriages and Horses. — Carriages, with a pair of horses, let at
45 dollars a month; a pair of horses, without carriage, 40 dollars;
by the day, 3 dollars; half a day, 1 1/2 dollar. A saddle-horse for the
whole day, 5s. to 6s.; half a day, 2s. 6d.; from 9 A. M. until evening
4s. to 5s.; from 9 to 2 o'clock, 3s. to a dollar; and from 3 o'clock
till 9, 2s. 6d. to 3s. If you keep a calesse with one horse, the food
of the horse will cost 10d. a day; and the calessier, besides attending

xxvii

to the horse and carriage, is expected to wash the floor of your
house — an instance of the multifarious occupations of servants in
this part of the world.

Sights at Malta. — There are few objects worthy of a visit at
Malta. The principal in the town of Valetta are the palace, the
government library, the cathedral church of St. John, the fortifications,
the view from the two Baraccas, and the palaces of the
knights, called Auberges, particularly those of Castille and Provence.

In the palace are the armoury, a few good pictures, and some
curious tapestry. Many of the apartments are good, and not less
so the ball-room.

The armoury is well arranged, but the specimens of armour are
not so curious, nor so varied, as might be expected in the city of the
knights. The complete suit of Vignacourt is very elegant and
simple. It is the same he wore when painted by Caravaggio in a
picture in the dining-room, a copy of which is placed above it.
There is a large suit near the other end of the room, that appears,
from its immense weight, not to have been worn: and not far from
this is a very primitive field-piece, made of copper bound round
with ropes, over which a composition of lime was put, cased in
leather.

The Turkish arms are few, and remarkable neither for beauty
nor curiosity; which is singular in a place so long at war with the
Osmanlis and the Moors. The library was founded in 1790 by the
Bailli de Tencin, who presented the public with 9700 volumes. It
contains many curious and old works, and is composed of the private
collections of the knights, who were obliged to bequeath their
books to this public institution. Here are deposited some antiques
of various kinds found in Malta and Gozo; among which are a
parallel Greek and Punic inscription, several strange headless
figures from Crendi, two curious coffins of terra-cotta, and a few
other objects of various styles and epochs.

Of St. John's Church the most curious part is the floor, where the
arms of all the grand masters are inlaid in various coloured marbles.
They have been very useful for heraldry.

The tapestry of this church is also very fine. It is put up at the
fête of St. John, and continues to be exposed to public view for
several days, before and after that ceremony. The silver railing in
the chapel of the Madonna, at the east end, is curious. It is said to
have owed its preservation, at the time of the French occupation of

xxviii

the island, to the paint that then concealed the valuable quality of
its materials.

In one of the side chapels is a picture by Michael Angelo Caravaggio,
representing the beheading of St. John; a good painting,
but badly preserved, It is said that the artist made this a present
to the order, on condition of being created a knight of Malta, in
consequence of the following occurrence: — One of the knights
having offended the artist, the latter challenged him to single combat,
and satisfaction being refused, on the plea of his not being
worthy to meet his antagonist in a duel, Caravaggio sought to obtain
a position which should entitle him to this right. He therefore applied
to the grand master, in the hopes of obtaining the rank of
knight; which was granted, on condition of painting this picture.
It was done, he became a knight, and fought his duel; but in order
to diminish as much as possible the value of a work, which the pride
of a member of the order had condemned him to execute, he painted
the picture on cotton instead of canvas, whence its decayed state,
and the difficulty of its restoration. Such is the story at Malta, the
truth of which may be doubted; though the most important point is
true that he painted the picture.

In the crypts below the cathedral are the tombs of some of the
grand masters.

The principal objects in the vicinity of Valetta and in the country
are the ruins near Crendi, or Casal Crendi, the hollow called the
Devil's Punch Bowl, or Maklúba, St. Paul's Bay, Citta Vecchia and
the Catacombs, the Garden of Boschetto, the Governor's Villa of
San Antonio, the Grotto of Calypso, and the Aqueduct built by the
Grand Master Vignacourt in 1610.

These have been so frequently described that I shall only mention
the ruins near Casal Crendi, excavated by order of the governor, Sir
Henry Bouverie, in 1839-40. They are about twenty minutes'
walk from that village, and are called Hagar Ḳeem, “the upright
stone.” This name has been very improperly written Khem, and
has been supposed to bear some relation to Egypt, or the land of
Ham (Khem). They consist of several apartments of various sizes,
irregularly placed within one common enclosure, mostly connected
with each other by passages or doorways. The rooms are either oval,
or have one end of semicircular form; and their walls are composed
of large stones placed upright in the ground, or in horizontal
courses. The principal entrance is on the S. S. E. A short passage
leads from it into a small court, in which, on the left hand side,
is a small altar ornamented with a rude attempt at sculpture, representing

xxix

a plant growing from a flower-pot; and near it is a flat
stone like a seat, above which are engraved on an upright block two
volutes, protruding on either side of an oval body. There are no
other signs of sculpture; but a peculiar kind of ornament is common
on these and all the principal members of the building, consisting
of round holes punctured all over the surface of the stones,
extending little deeper than the surface.

On either side of this court is a semicircular chamber; and after
passing on, through a door in a line with the main entrance, you
come to a second court, at the upper end of which to the right is
the principal sanctuary. It is of semicircular form, and its walls
are built of stones placed in horizontal courses, put together with
care, and breaking joint.

Within this is a smaller enclosure of stones, placed upright in a
circle, with an entrance corresponding to that of the room itself.
All the stones of the sanctuary have been punctured in the manner
above mentioned.

On the left of this second court are two large stone altars; one
on each side of a door leading to a small apartment, connected with
which is another little chamber, also containing an altar. There
are four more apartments at this (south-west) end of the ruins;
and in the outer wall of circuit are some very large stones placed
upright, about 15 ft. high above the ground. A stone of similar
size stands near the sanctuary to the north-east, and another of still
larger dimensions is placed horizontally a little to the east of the
main entrance.

About 120 ft. to the north of these ruins are other semicircular enclosures,
made with stones placed upright in the ground; and about
a mile to the south, near the sea, are some ruins similar to the
Hagar Ḳeem, which are also deserving of examination.

In the same excursion may be included a visit to Maklúba, and
even to the cave called Ghar Hassan on the sea-coast to the southeast
of Crendi.

Other ruins of a similar kind are found close to Valetta, at the
Coradino, near Captain Spenser's monument and the new tank,
which may be visited at the same time.

With regard to the date of these peculiar structures and the
people by whom they were built, I will not pretend to offer any
opinion. Their general appearance has rather a druidical character,
and from their antiquity and the occupation of the island by the
Phœnicians, we might attribute them to that people; but the absence
of all inscriptions leaves the matter in uncertainty, and the small

xxx

headless figures discovered there (now preserved in the Government
library at Valetta) in no way aid in solving the question.

In Gozo is another ruin called Torre dei Giganti, “the Giants
Tower,” inland on the eastern side of the island, which is on a
grander scale than the ruins of Crendi, though of similar construction,
and evidently the work of the same people.

Rowing and sailing boats go over to Gozo from Valetta daily,
and sometimes a small yacht may be hired for the occasion, which
is cleaner and more comfortable.

Valetta has a small theatre, where Italian operas are performed
during the season. Many public and private balls are also given,
particularly in the winter.

HAND - BOOK
FOR
TRAVELLERS IN EGYPT.
SECTION I.
EGYPT.

Preliminary Information.
a. SEASON FOR VISITING EGYPT — T IME REQUIRED — EXPENSE OF THE JOURNEY.
— b. THINGS USEFUL FOR THE JOURNEY IN EGYPT. — c MODE OF
L IVING IN EGYPT, AND DISEASES OF THE COUNTRY. — d. DRESS. — e. PRESENTS.
— f. FIRMANS. — g. MONEY. — h WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. — i. POST
O FFICE. — j. POPULATION — REVENUE. — k. MOHAMMED ALI. — l. C HRONOLOGICAL
TABLE. — m. LIST OF CALIPHS AND SULTANS OF EGYPT. — n.
CERTAIN POINTS REQUIRING EXAMINATION. — o. ENGLISH AND ARABIC
VOCABULARY.

ROUTE	PAGE
1 London to Alexandria	71
2 Alexandria to Rosetta by land	102
3 Rosetta to Atfeh, and Cairo, by water	105
4 Alexandria to Cairo, by land, through the Delta	105
5. Alexandria to Cairo, by the Western Bank	106
6 Alexandria to Atfeh and Cairo, by the Canal and the Nile	106

1. Arrival at Alexandria. 2. Hotels. 3. Servants. 4. Boats. 5.
Things to be purchased at Alexandria for the Journey to Cairo. 6. History
of Alexandria. 7. Plan of Alexandria, and Site and description of the
Buildings. 8. Monuments outside the Canopic Gate. 9. Present Remains
of Ancient Alexandria. 10. Its Size and Importance. 11. Inhabitants.
12. Climate, Lake Mareotis and Canals. 13. The two Ports, Gates, Walls,
and Old Docks. 14. Mosks and other Buildings. 15. Amusements and
Sights at Alexandria.

a. SEASON FOR VISITING EGYPT. — TIME REQUIRED. — EXPENSES.

The best season for visiting Egypt is October, when the cool weather begins,
and the northerly winds prevail; and boats may then go up the Nile
without the impediments of calms and contrary winds. At the beginning of
that month the traveller may have an opportunity of witnessing the curious

aspect of the inundation, which, when it rises very high, gives the villages of
the Delta the appearance described by Herodotus, of islands in the sea.

Almost every season may be considered favourable for seeing Egypt, but
good winds from April to July are not to be expected, and the comparative
prevalence of southerly and other adverse winds in May make it the worst
month in the whole year. It is then, too, that the Khamsín winds blow, which
begin about the 2nd of May, and prevail for fifty days, as the name implies.
It is not that they blow every day, but this period is more subject to them
than any other. The worst are from the S.E. The first day of the Khamsin
is called Shemt e' neseem, or “the smelling of the zephyr,” when the people
smell at an onion, and go into the gardens; frequently to be nearly suffocated
by the sand and dust raised by these strong hot winds. Though the thermo-meter
does not range as high as in the three following months, or the beginning
of September, the heat is more oppressive and disagreeable during this
season, and of all others it is the least advisable for a voyage up the Nile.

In choosing a time for going to Egypt, much will depend on the destination
of a traveller after leaving it. If he is going into Syria, it may be too
long for him to remain in Egypt from October till April, before which it is
too cold to travel comfortably in Syria.

All the winter months are good for going up the Nile, and if he intends
making any stay in the country he may choose his own time; but in that
case he had better arrive in October. Twenty days may be reckoned a fair
average for the voyage from Cairo to Thebes; with fair winds, it is possible
to go from Thebes to the second Cataract and back again in a fortnight, though
this is rarely done; and the least time for seeing Egypt conveniently, is three months.

As a general rule, a traveller should always make it a point to see every
thing when he can, and not put it off for a second visit, which may be prevented
by some unforeseen impediment; but in ascending the Nile it is as
well to go on direct as long as the wind is favourable, and only stop if it
fails at a spot where there is anything to be seen. At Thebes, however, I
should recommend his staying two or three days in going up, to look over
the ruins: in order that, after having taken a general view of them, he may
know what to go and examine in detail, on his return from Nubia or the
Cataracts. I may also observe, that if a steamer is ever established on the
Nile to run between Cairo and Thebes, a traveller who is interested in antiquities
should only take advantage of it for going up the river. He should
quit it at Thebes, and order a dehabéëh or cangia to be sent up for him to
that place to bring him back to Cairo; when he can stop, as he likes, at the
different ruins on his way down, without being hurried from one to the
other.

Besides, the speed and certainty of the steamer's passage is only an object
in going up the stream, as a rowing boat can always come down in about
eight days from Thebes, and in it the traveller has all the comfort of a boat
to himself, going or stopping at his own option, and the great advantage of
being independent. The cangia may be either bespoken by him before leaving
Cairo, and even sent off then, or be engaged afterwards by a friend, according
to the time he intends staying at Thebes.

It is impossible to say what the expense of a journey in Egypt may be;
that will of course depend upon each individual; but it may be reckoned at
about 60l. for three months, if with a companion; or 80l. if alone; and this
may be diminished by making arrangements respecting the outfit at Cairo.

b THINGS USEFUL FOR A JOURNEY IN EGYPT.

Before leaving Malta, it will be better to make purchases of certain things
more or less necessary in Egypt, according to the wants of each individual.
I shall therefore give a list of those most useful to a traveller, marking such
as should be taken from Europe with an E, those which may be obtained at
Alexandria with an A, and those which need not be bought before reaching
(or, which are better, at) Cairo, with a C. (See Route 1. No. 5. and Sect. 2. u.)

Jug and basin, E. or A.: if of copper
and in the Turkish style, at A. or C.

Mats, one or two at A., and others at
C.

Carpets (Segádee), A. or C. (See
Route 1. No. 5.)

Common soap, A. or C.

Lamp, E. or cloth fanóos, A. or C.

Kitchen-cloths, E. or A.

Towels and table-cloths, E.

Sheets, horse-hair mattrass, pillows,
and pillow-cases, &c., E.

To those who wish to be entirely protected at night from intruders, I cannot
do better than recommend a contrivance of Mr. Levinge's, which he imagined
during his travels in the East, and which is equally adapted to a boat, a house,

or a tent. It consists of a pair of sheets (a), about six feet long, sewed
together at the bottom and the two sides, except where the piece (c) is attached

to them, and by which
you get in. To the
upper end (d) is added
a thin piece of
muslin, serving as a
mosquito net (b),
which is drawn tight
at the end by a tape or
string, serving to suspend
it to a nail (f).
A short way from the
end (at e) are fastened
loops, through which
a cane is threaded, to
form a circle for distending
the net. This
cane is in three pieces,
about three feet long,
fitting into each other
by sockets. After getting in by the opening of c you draw the tape tight to
close its mouth, and tuck it in under the mattrass, and you are secure from
intruders, whether sleeping at night, or sitting under it by day. Over the
part a, the blankets, or coverlid, are put.

Two or three blankets, E., or buttanéeh
at A. which will fold into
four. (See Route 1. No. 5.)

Mosquito net, E.

Iron bedstead to fold up, E.

Or a Cafass bedstead, C.

Gridiron, E. or C., (if thought necessary.)

20 okas of potatoes, A. or C.

Tobacco, A. or C.

Pipes, C.

Wire for cleaning pipes, put into a
reed, C.

Some tow for the same purpose, C.

Mouth-pieces and pipe-bowls, C.

A taḵḵatooḵa, or a brass plate, called
Sennéeh, and wire cover for pipe-bowl,
are useful, A. or C.

Salt, pepper, &c., A. or C.

Oil, and distilled vinegar, E. or C.

Butter, C.

Flour, C.

Rice, C.

Maccaroni. A. or C.

Coffee, C.

Portable soup and meats, E.

Cheese, A. or C., or English cheese, E.

Mishmish apricots, C.

Ḵumredeen apricots, C.

Tea, E. or A.

Wine, brandy, &c., E. or A. White
wine I believe to be better in a hot
climate than red.

Spermaceti candles, E. or A.

Table with legs to fold up, and top to
take off, E. or A.

Foot tub (of tin or copper), &c., E.

Washing tub, E.

Flag, E. or A. (for boat on Nile).

Small pulley and rope for flag, E. or A.

Coffee-pot, E. or A.

Small búkrag, or Turkish coffee-pot,
A. or C.

Tea-kettle, E., or a tin one at A.

Plates, knives and forks, spoons, glasses,
tea things, &c., in canteen, E.

A large bukrag might serve as tea-kettle
and for boiling eggs, &c., A.

Copper saucepans, one to fit into the
other (Hellel fee Kulbe-bād), may
be bought at A.; buy them not
tinned, in order to see if they are
sound.

Copper pan for stewing (Ṯáwa), A.

Baskets for holding these and other
things, A.

Candlesticks, E.

Bardaks (Goollel), or water bottles, C.

Zeer, or jar, for holding water, C.

Almond paste (rooág or terwéeg) for
clarifying water, C.

Some tools, nails, and string, E.

A Ḵadóom may serve as hammer and
hatchet, C.

Charcoal in mats, C.

Two fire-places (mungud), A. In the
boat going up the Nile have a set
put together in a large fire-place
with a wooden back; the whole will
cost about 54 piastres, if well made,
C.

Small bellows, E., or fan, at A. or C.

Fez caps (tarboosh, tarabeesh) A. or C.

Manásheh, fly-flap, A. or C.

Cafass, or kafass, a coop for fowls,
with moveable drawer at the bottom,
in order that it may be kept
clean, A. or C.

White, or light-coloured boots or
shoes, being cooler, and requiring
no blacking, E.

Red Turkish slippers, C.

Biscuit, E. or C., or bread twice
baked, C. The bread in the villages
in Upper Egypt will not
please every one; but very good
bread is to be had at Thebes (Ḵoorneh),
and that of Osioot and some
other large towns is by no means
bad.

Small tin cases for holding coffee,
sugar, salt, pepper, &c., A.

Ballási, or earthen jars for flour, rice,
butter, and other things which rats
might eat, are useful, C.

Candles in boxes, or in tin cases, but
if in the latter not to be exposed to
the sun, E. or C.

Broom called maḵásheh, and a tin,
for sweeping cabin, C.

Gun, powder, and shot, &c., E.

Ink, paper, pens, &c., E.

Camp-stool and drawing table, E.

Umbrella lined with a dark colour for
the sun, E.

Drawing paper, pencils, rubber, &c.,
and colours, in tin box of Winsor
and Newton, E.

A saddle and bridle for Syria and
Greece.

Tent (if required), ladder, and cushions,
may all be made at Cairo.

Telescope, E.

Thermo-meter, mountain barometer,
if required, E.

Measuring-tape and foot-ruler, E.

For observations, a sextant and artificial
horizon, or rather, Captain
Kater's Repeating Circle, chronometer,
&c., E.

Curtains for boat, of common or other
cotton stuff, A. or C.

A packing-needle or two, and some
string, thin ropes, needles, thread,
buttons, &c, are useful: E., A.,
or C.

A filterer is not necessary. Ḵeneh
jars and goollel, or earthen water
bottles, supply its place.

A zemzeméëh, or water bottle of Russian
leather, for the desert, or even
for excursions to the ruins; though
for the latter goollel will answer
very well, without any trouble, C.

The seams must be first of all rubbed
with a mixture of melted tallow
and wax, and when this dries the
Zemzeméëh may be filled; but afterwards
it must never be left
without some water in it. Another
precaution, when on an excursion,
for preserving the water, is to insist
on the servants not drinking it.

A donkey, if he intends taking a large
boat from Cairo, or, at all events,
a donkey saddle, but no bridle, the
asses of Upper Egypt not having
any knowledge of such a luxury, C.

As many eatables, which will keep, as
he likes, most of which may be had
at Cairo. Portable soups, or meat,
&c., preserved in tins, may be
brought from England as occasional
luxuries.

An iron rat-trap for the boat, E.

Two sheets of Mackintosh, about 7
feet square, with loops here and
there, against damp ground and
rain, are very useful, especially in
the desert and in Syria.

With regard to instruments, they should, when it is possible, be of the
same materials throughout, wood and metal combined ill according with the
heat of an Egyptian climate; and in the top and bottom of the cases nails, or
screws answer better than glue.

In his medicine chest, the most necessary things for a traveller are, scales,
and liquid-measure, lancet, diachylon and blistering plaster, lint, salts, rhubarb,
cream of tartar, ipecacuanha, sulphate of bark or quinine, James's and
Dover's powders, calomel, laudanum or morphine, sugar of lead, sulphate of
zinc, nitrate of silver, and sulphate of copper (these 4 being of great use in
ophthalmia), nitre, oil of peppermint, and other common medicines. They
had better be brought from Europe, though they may be had in Alexandria
or Cairo. Powders and other medicines should be put into bottles, well
closed with glass stoppers.

Nearly all the above-mentioned things may, indeed, be found in Egypt,
but they are better and cheaper in Europe: many, too, will be thought
unnecessary by many travellers; it must therefore be left to them to decide
if any, or what, can be dispensed with.

The choice of a library (which cannot be collected in Egypt) will, of
course, depend on the occupations or taste of each person: I shall therefore
only recommend the most useful works, as vols. ii. and iii. of Larcher's
Herodotus; Champollion's Phonetic System of Hieroglyphics, Letters, and
Grammar; Pococke; Denon; Hamilton's Ægyptiaca; Savary's Letters;
Clot Bey's Aperçu Générale de l'Egypte; Gliddon on the Hieroglyphics;
Mengin's “Egypte sous Mohammed Aly;” Robinson's Palestine and
Mount Sinai; Lane's Modern, and Wilkinson's Ancient, Egyptians; Hoskins's
Ethiopia, and Visit to the Great Oasis; Colonel Leake's, Lapie's,
or Wilkinson's Map of Egypt; Captain Smyth's Alexandria; Wilkinson's
Survey of Thebes; Costa's Delta; and Parke and Scoles's Nubia; to which

may be added Burckhardt, Laborde's Petra, Ptolemy, Strabo, and Pliny;
but of these three last, as well as Diodorus, extracts will suffice, if considered
too voluminous. (Of the libraries in Egypt see Sect. 2.)

c. MODE OF LIVING IN EGYPT, AND DISEASES OF THE COUNTRY.

In winter, it is unnecessary to make any change in the mode of living
from that usually adopted in Europe; and most persons, unless they commit
excesses, may eat whatever they are accustomed to in other countries. In
the summer months it is, however, better to avoid much wine or spirits, as
they tend to heat the blood; and cause the hot weather to be more sensibly
felt; and some (though I may say, very few) will find that fish (chiefly
those without scales), eggs, and unboiled milk, do not always agree with
them. Bathing in the Nile is by no means prejudicial in the morning and
evening; and, except in the neighbourhood of sandbanks, there is no fear of
crocodiles. Fruit and vegetables are wholesome and cooling, and mutton is
better than beef. The fish of the Nile are not very good; the booltee and
ḵisher are perhaps the best.

The diseases of Egypt are few. Fevers are very rare, except about Alexandria,
Damietta, and other places on the coast; and almost the only complaints,
to which strangers are subject in the interior, are diarrhœa, dysentery,
and ophthalmia. The following is a good mode of treatment for diarrhœa,
or even for the beginning of suspected dysentery. First take an emetic of
ipecacuanha, and in the morning a mild aperient, as 15 grs. of rhubarb with
2 grs. of calomel; on the following day, 2 grs. of ipecacuanha with 1/4 gr. of
opium morning and evening, nothing being eaten but boiled rice, sweetened
with white sugar. But if this does not stop the complaint, and tenesmus
gives the well-known sign of decided dysentery, a dose of 20 grs. of calomel
with 1/4 gr. of opium, should be taken, which must be followed next morning
by a dose of castor oil. This generally cuts the matter short; but it is as
well to follow it up with 2 grs. of ipecacuanha and 1/2 gr. of opium three or
four times within the 12 or 24 hours, for two or three days after. In severe
cases, an injection of nitrate of silver (caustic) has been employed with great
success; but this can only be done under medical advice.

For ophthalmia, in the first stage, mix 10 grs. of sulphate of zinc in 1 oz.
of distilled or rose-water, and put one or two drops into the eye, reducing the
strength for succeeding applications. In the purulent stage, mix 7 grs. of
sulphate of copper, or blue vitriol, in 1 oz. of rose-water, and drop it into the
eye once a day. Fifteen grs. of sulphate of zinc may even be put into 1 oz.
of rose-water, and one or two drops be put into the eye; and I have been
recommended by an eminent practitioner to use 7 grs. of nitrate of silver to
1 oz. of rose-water in the same manner.

In slight inflammation, a wash of 2 grs. of sulphate of copper to 1 oz. of
rose-water may be frequently used. Warm water will often remove an irritation
which if neglected often ends in ophthalmia; and spirits of wine
will generally have the same effect, particularly if the hand be held over the
eye to cause an external heat; the eye being, of course, kept closed to prevent
the spirit entering it. Steaming the eye over boiling water is also highly
beneficial; or bathing it in a decoction of poppy-heads.

The cause of ophthalmia has frequently been assigned to the sand of the
desert; but, in order to show the error of this conjecture, I need only
observe, that ophthalmia is unknown there, unless taken from the Nile; and
I have always cured myself and others, after two or three days, by a visit to
the interior of this dry tract. I do not, however, mean to affirm that sand

blown into the eye, or a great glare from the sand, will not produce it; dust
and the glare of snow will cause it in other countries; but still they are not
the causes of ophthalmia, generally speaking. There are, in fact, both direct
and accidental causes. Among the latter are a blow, dust or sand, glare of
the sun, a draught of wind, and other things; but the former must be looked
for in a fixed and specific agent, peculiar to Egypt. This, I am persuaded,
after many years experience, and frequent attacks of ophthalmia, arises in
the transition from excessive dryness to damp; and though Egypt is, perhaps,
the driest climate in the world, the difference between the generally dry
atmosphere and the damp exhalations on the river, or in the streets of Cairo
and other towns (which are not only narrow, but are watered to keep them
cool), is so great, that the eye is readily affected by it; particularly when in
that susceptible state, caused by the sensible and insensible perspiration, to
which the skin is there subject. Hence it is, that during the inundation,
when the exhalations are the greatest, ophthalmia is most prevalent. The
facts of its non-existence in, and its speedy cure if a patient goes into, the
desert, sufficiently substantiate this opinion; and this is further confirmed by
the comparatively comfortable sensation there imparted to the eye, by the
dryness of the air.

It is always advisable to avoid sitting in a draught, particularly of damp
air; and if obliged to go out at night from a warm room, or the cabin of a
boat, to wash the eyes and forehead with a little cold water, by which means
the perspiration is not checked on going out, and the eye is prepared for the
change to a cooler temperature. They must, however, be wiped dry before
leaving the room.

It is unnecessary to say much respecting the plague: every one will take
care to avoid it, either by not going to Egypt when it rages there, or by leaving
the country on the first alarm. If he cannot do the last, he may avoid it
by remaining in Upper Egypt, where it never goes above Osioót; or he may
keep quarantine like other Europeans in the country. In Alexandria cases
rarely occur from September to the end of January, and at Cairo from thee nd
of June to the end of March; and that only in certain years. A violent
plague occurs about once in 10 or 12 years. It is less frequent at Cairo than
at Alexandria, and the worse plagues cease at Cairo by the end of June. It
is now no longer dreaded as of old; great precautions are taken by the board
of health, and the treatment is better understood. The first remedy should
be an emetic, which will often stop it if taken in time; but bleeding is
injurious.

d. DRESS.

If the traveller inquires whether the Oriental dress be necessary, I answer,
it is by no means so; and a person wearing it, who is ignorant of the language,
becomes ridiculous. One remark, however, I must be allowed to make
on dress in that country — that a person is never respected who is badly
dressed, of whatever kind the costume may be, and nowhere is exterior appearance
so much thought of as in the East.

e. PRESENTS.

With regard to presents in Egypt, it may be laid down as a general rule that
they are quite unnecessary; which was not the case in former times. But it
will sometimes happen that the civilities of a Shekh Bélled, or even of a
Turkish governor, require some return; in which case some English gunpowder,
a watch, or a telescope for the latter, and a white shawl and tarboosh, or
and amber mouth-piece for the former, are, generally speaking, more than they

have any reason to expect. And although on those occasions, when their politeness
arises from the hope of reward, they may be disappointed in their expectations,
yet they would only consider greater presents proofs of greater
ignorance in the person who made them. But in all cases the nature of a present
must depend on the service performed, and also upon the rank of both
parties.

f. FIRMANS.

Firmans are no longer given by the Pasha, but a booyóoradee or teskreh may
be obtained from the Diwán el Khedéewee at the citadel, on application to the
consulate, which it is as well to have, and which is absolutely necessary if the
traveller intends going any distance from the Nile into the interior. Indeed,
I have known the governor of a town refuse protection to a traveller when
applied to for it, on the excuse of his having no firman or booyóordee; and the
want of one might, in some cases, be a very serious inconvenience.

g. MONEY IN EGYPT.

The most common foreign coins current in Egypt are the dollar, the sovereign,
Venetian sequin, and 5 franc piece. The dollar is rated at 20 piastres,
though the Spanish colonnato, or pillar dollar, has latterly passed for 22, and
the Austrian thaler at 21; and it may be observed as a general rule, that in
mentioning a dollar 20 piastres are implied, unless the name of Spanish or
Austrian dollar be specified. The value of the dollar, like other foreign coins,
is frequently changing in Egypt, in consequence of the constant deterioration
of the piastre. In 1833 it was at 15, and the sovereign at 70 piastres. Formerly
it was at 90 paras, and to this day the sum of 90 paras is called real or
dollar. In Pococke's time, the para or máydee was 3 farthings English, and
the 1l. was 8 piastres. The small Constantinople coins were not then current
in Egypt.

The principal gold coins of the country are kheréëhs, beshliks, and pieces of
20 and 10 piastres. Those of silver are 3 and 1 piastre pieces, half and quarter
piastres; and the only copper coins are pieces of 5 paras. Large sums are
reckoned by purses, as throughout the Turkish empire. The purse is always
500 piastres, now equal to 5l.; there is also the kházneh, wich is 1000 purses.

The money of Egypt has lately undergone a change, and Mohammed Ali
has called in all the worthless coin of Constantinople, and issued a new currency, which is very good. The only bad part of it was, that instead of calling
in the old coins, and giving the people the price at which they received them,
the Pasha merely altered their value, and treated them as we have the Maltese
in the case of the dollar.

In January, 1842, the Spanish dollar, hitherto passing for 22, was rated at 20 piastres 28 paras, the Austrian dollar of 21 at 20; and after various
changes, a tariff was published, stating the different proportionate reductions of the other coins.

The following is the value of the different pieces of money circulating
in Egypt, according to the new tariff of 1842: —

Gold.

	Piast.	Par.
Doubloons, doppie di Spagna	313	30
English sovereigns (reduced from 100)	97	20
Portuguese pezzi d'oro	174	4
Venetian sequins	46	17
Hungarian ducats, or Mugger	45	26

Louis d'or of 20 francs	77	6
Old Mahmoodéëhs	60	22
New Mahmoodéëhs	50	33
Fendooklee of Mahmood	43	10
New Fendooklee of Mahmood	34	10
New Fendooklee of Selim	36	12
New Mahbóob of Selim	25	13
Old Adleeh of Constantinople.	17	16
New Adleeh of Constantinople	15	28
Old Zariffe of Constantinople	3	2
New Zariffe of Constantinople	2	28
Old Khereeh (or Khayréëh) of Constantinople	20	5
New Khereeh of Constantinople	17	10
New Khereeh of Abdel-Megeed	17	10
Cairene piece of 100 piastres	100	0
New Khereeh of Cairo	20	0
Old Khereeh of Cairo	8	32
New Khereeh of Cairo	8	32
Mahbóob of Cairo, Mootstefáwee	24	8
Mahbóob of Cairo, Mahmoodee	20	34
Saadeeh or small Khereeh of Cairo	3	37

Silver

	Piast.	Par.
Austrian dollar	20	0
Spanish pillar dollar	20	28
Neapolitan schdo	19	22
5 Franc piece	19	10
American dollar	19	0
Sardinian dollar	13	27
Old Beshlik of Constantinople	16	20
New Beshlik of Constantinople	2	24
Ekkeelik of Constantinople	10	0
Old Tuslik of Constantinople	11	27
Old Altmishlik of Constantinople	3	0
A'lteelik Abd-el Megéed	5	0
A'lteelik	4	30
A'lteelik, Haméedee	9	15
Silver coin of Mahmood	6	6
Sittéenee, Megéed	1	3
Half piastre, Megéed	0	8
Quarter piastre, Megéed	0	4
Para of Abd-el Megéed for every thousand	10	17
Piastre of Abd-el Megéed	0	24
Cairene dollars	20	0
Cairene 3 piastre piece	3	0
Cairene piastre	1	0 or 40
Cairene 1/2 piastre	0	20
Cairene 1/4 piastre	0	10
Maydee, fodda, noos (noosf), or 1 para piece	0	1

Copper.

Piece of 5 paras, or Khámsa fodda

The best money to take to Egypt is English sovereigns, or Spanish and
Austrian dollars. It is also necessary to have bills on London. They may
be drawn either at Alexandria or Cairo; but it must be remembered that no
money is to be obtained in Upper Egypt, and the traveller must take all
he wants for his journey, before he leaves Cairo. He should also provide
himself with a sufficient quantity of piastres, 20, 10, and 5 para pieces, as
in buying fowls or other things in the villages, his servants will not always
find change for larger coins; it is not convenient to be delayed, until a poor
peasant can search for it; and many object to taking gold, even of the
country, from the natural fear of losing it, or of suffering from some change in
its value. Sometimes it is possible to negotiate a bill at Ḵeneh, through our

agent Sayd Hossayn, who, though acting without any pay from our government,
is always ready to oblige travellers; but this is of course only done as
a favour, and cannot be relied on, unless the stranger is furnished with a
tends making a long stay at Thebes, would be advisable. Circular notes are
also very useful at those two places; but some merchants prefer a letter of
credit, as bills are more secure against loss on the way, when drawn in duplicate
or triplicate.

The piastre and the smaller Egyptian coins now pass throughout Ethiopia;
though, in the southern parts, the old prejudice in favour of the Spanish
pillar-dollar of Charles IV. (once common throughout Ethiopia as low as the
first cataract) may perhaps still remain. That dollar was preferred, and had
a greater value, partly from its having four lines in the number, and partly,
as they affirmed, from the superior quality of the silver.

h. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

8	Mitḵál	make	1	Oḵéea (woḵéea) or Arab. oz.
12	Oḵéea	—	1	Rotl pound (about 1 lb. 2 oz. 8 dwt. Troy.)
2 3/4	Rotl	—	1	Oḵa or Wuḵḵa.
100 to 110 Rotl			1	ḵantár (about 98 3/4 avoirdupois).
108	Rotl	—	1	Ḵantár for coffee.
102	Rotl	—	1	Ḵantár for pepper, &c.
120	Rotl	—	1	Ḵantár for cotton.
150	Rotl	—	1	Ḵantár for gums, &c.

For Gold, Gums, &c.

4	Ḵumh (Grains)	make	1	Ḵeerát (Carat) or Kharóobeh.
64	Grains or 16 Ḵeerat	—	1	Derhm (47 5/8 to 49 grains English).
1 1/2	Derhm, or 24 Ḵeerát	—	1	Mitḵál (from about 1 drachm to 72 grs. English).
12	Derhm	—	1	Okéea or oz. (from 571 1/2 to 576 grs. English).
12	Oḵéea	—	1	Rotl or pound.
150	Rotl	—	1	Ḵantár.

Measures of Length.

Fitr, or span, with fore finger and thumb.

Shíbr, longest span with little finger and thumb.

Ḵubdeh, human fist with the thumb erect.

1 Drah beledee, or cubit, equal to 22 to 22 2/3 inches English.

1 Drah Stambóolee equal to 26 to 26 1/2 inches English.

1 Drah Hindázee (for cloth, &c.) equal to about 25 inches English.

2 Bah (braces) equal to 1 Ḵassobeh or 11 1/2 feet.

Land Measures.

22 (formerly 24)	Kharóobeh or Ḵúdeh	make	1	Ḵassobeh, equal to from 11 ft. 4 1/2 in. to 11 ft. 7 1/4 in. English.
13 7/8	Ḵassobeh or rods	—	1	Ḵeerát.
24	Ḵeerát, or 333 Ḵassobeh	—	1	Feddán or acre.

Corn Measure.

In Lower Egypt.
2	Kuddah	make	1	Melweh.
4	Kuddah	—	1	Roob.
2	Roob	—	1	Kayleh
4	Roob	—	1	Waybeh.
24	Roob	—	1	Ardeb.

In Upper Egypt.
4	Roftow	make	1	Mid.
3	Roob	—	1	Mid.
8	Mid or	—	1	Ardeb, or nearly 5 Eng. bushels.
6	Waybeh	—	1

i. POST OFFICE.

There is only one Foreign post-office in Egypt, which is at Alexandria.
Letters to England (which need not be prepaid) can be sent to Alexandria,
and forwarded without difficulty; but those for Malta and other parts of the
Mediterranean, which require the postage to be paid, must be sent to some
one in Alexandria, who will pay them there, as this cannot be done at Cairo.

Those for Germany, and inland places in Europe, must be sent to some
house at Marseilles, in order that they may be there prepaid and forwarded,
as this is not to be done in Egypt.

The following is a copy of the notice in the British Government Packet
Office at Alexandria: —

“Mails are made up at this office only for the following ports in the Mediterranean
by H. M.'s packets, namely, Malta, Gibraltar, Syra, and Marseilles;
and all letters for these ports (excepting Marseilles) must be prepaid at the
following rates, or cannot otherwise be forwarded: —

	s.	d.
Not exceeding 1/2 an ounce	0	6
1 ounce	1	0
2 ounces	2	0
3 ounces	3	0 and so on.”

j. POPULATION. — REVENUE.

The population of Egypt, which 200 years ago was estimated at 4,000,000,
now amounts only to about 1,800,000 souls, having been reduced since 1800,
from 2,500,000 to that number. Plague, and the Turkish system of Government,
have lessened and still continue to lessen, the population of all Egypt,
Alexandria alone excepted; which, through increasing commerce, contains
nearly ten times the number of inhabitants it had before the time of
Mohammed Ali.

The revenue of Egypt is said to be about 2,500,000l. sterling.

k. MOHAMMED ALI.

Mohammed Ali was born at Cáwala, a small town of Roumelia, opposite
Thasos, in 1769; the same year that gave birth to the two most illustrious
persons of the present era, Napoleon and Wellington.

His father was Réngber, peasant, or farmer; who followed the double
occupation of tilling his lands, and deriving a part of his livelihood from the
sea. A military life was the only one that suited the active disposition of his
son; and Mohammed Ali having entered the service of the shórbagee or
governor of Cáwala, received the rank of Bóolook-Báshi, or subaltern, under
the chief of the guard (Agha-t-el bab, “officer of the door”), at the palace.

On the death of his commanding officer, he was appointed to succeed him
as Agha-t-el bab, and married his widow. She had two children, the
present Ibrahim Pasha, born in 1789, and his young sister, the late Taféedah

Hánem, widow of Moharrem Bey; she afterwards became mother of Toossoom
and Ismaïl Pasha. Mohammed Ali after his marriage continued to
hold the same office in the governor's household; and though he may have
entered into speculations in trade, like many Turkish soldiers, he never quitted
the military profession; and when, in 1799, Cáwala was required to furnish a
contingent of 300 men for the army of the Vizeer, then levying to oppose the
French in Egypt, he was sent with them, and soon afterwards obtained the rank
of Bin-bashi. His conduct on several occasions, when engaged with the
French, merited and obtained the approbation of the commander-in-chief, particularly
at the battle of Abookir; and when attached with a corps of Turks,
to part of the British army, he attracted the notice of several of our officers
by his courage and activity in the field.

At the period of the evacuation of Egypt by the French, he had attained
the rank of Sar-cheshmeh, Brigadier-General, and his courage having gained
for him the admiration, as his manners the affection of the army, he soon felt
himself possessed of an instrument for increasing his influence in the country,
of which he was not slow in taking advantage. The discontent of the troops,
in consequence of long arrears of pay, had already begun to manifest itself,
when a threatening message of Khosrow Pasha to Mohammed Ali, was the
signal for open rebellion. They looked upon him to be the defender of their
rights; and since he had displayed great anxiety for their welfare, they were
ready to protect him from the anger of the viceroy; and the rest of the army,
when called upon to quell the mutiny, and seize the rebellious chief, was too
much interested in his safety not to join in his defence. Thus strengthened
in the affections of the army, his career became more and more successful;
Khosrow, and his successor Khoorshid Pasha, were expelled from Egypt;
and on the payment of a large sum to the Porte, Mohammed Ali was appointed
to the Pashalic in 1806.

In the spring of 1807, our unfortunate expedition to Egypt under General
Fraser took place; the result of which is well-known: and the triumph then
gained by Mohammed Ali over an enemy, who had attempted to interfere in
a province of the Ottoman Empire, obtained for him fresh support at Constantinople.
Many of the Memlooks also thought it a favourable opportunity
for courting his friendship. This invasion, and the necessity of putting the
sea-coast into a better state of defence, gave him an opportunity of ridding
himself of the unwelcome interference of the Captain-Pasha; which, had it
continued, would have stood greatly in the way of those projects he afterwards
devised. Alexandria was fortified, and garrisoned by his own troops; and
thus strengthened at home, his thoughts were free to occupy themselves on
more distant projects. But ere that could be done, it was necessary to crush
the remaining power of the Memlooks. With this view a large force was
sent into Upper Egypt; and, after various encounters, a truce was agreed
upon between the Pasha and the Beys, who were even admitted to the capital.

The deliverance of the Holy Land of Arabia from the Wahábees, who had
taken possession of Mecca and Medina, was the next object of Mohammed
Ali's wishes. The only impediment was the fear of leaving Egypt exposed to
the intrigues of the Memlooks. They, on the other hand, looked with eager
anxiety for the opportunity which the absence of the Turks would afford
them, of regaining their power, and of destroying the man whose talents had
defeated all their plans.

It was a question, which should perform the first successful act of treachery.
The failure of one led the way to the other. While at Suez, superintending the
preparations for the Arabian expedition, Mohammed Ali received a letter from

Mohammed Laz, his Kehia Bey, telling him that the Memlooks intended to
way-lay him on his return to Cairo. Instead, therefore, of remaining at Suez,
as expected, he left it that night on a dromedary, without letting any one
know where he was going, and reached Cairo, with 4 out of 18 attendants,
before day break next morning. This intended treachery, and another plot
revealed to him about the same time, determined Mohammed Ali to be beforehand
with them, and he laid his plans for their destruction. The expedition
for Arabia was ordered to be hastened by every possible means; and the
investiture of his son Toosoom Pasha with the command of the army was set
forth as the prelude to its immediate departure. The day fixed for this important
ceremony was the ist of March, 1811. All the principal officers
attended at the citadel on the occasion, and the Memlooks were invited to be
present. When the ceremony was over, they mounted their horses to retire
from the citadel. On reaching the gates, they were surprised to find them
closed, and no one there to open them: the suspicion of treachery immediately
flashed across their minds, and a volley of musketry from above revealed the
horror of their position. Men and horses fell under a shower of balls: no
courage could avail against an enemy protected behind walls; and those who
attempted to fly from the scene of slaughter were picked off by the Albanians
wherever they turned.

Emín Bey, who leapt his horse over a gap in the wall, was the only one
who escaped.

The houses of the Memlooks were now given up to plunder: orders were
issued to exterminate all who could be found in the city; and punishment
was denounced against any one known to harbour them or facilitate their
escape. At length, on the second day a cessation of the persecution was
proclaimed; Mohammed Ali himself went through the city to stop the tumultuous
licence of the troops; and those who had escaped the general massacre
were permitted to retire, or remain unmolested. It is said that about 440,
with their chief Ibrahim Bey, perished in the citadel; and in the city and
country it is supposed that no less than 1200 were sacrificed.

Those who were in Upper Egypt retired into Ethiopia, after having
suffered from the treachery of Ibrahim Pasha at Esne, and took refuge
with the Mek of Shendy; until, on the approach of the Turks in 1820,
they retired from the valley of the Nile, and crossing over to the westward,
passed through Dar-Foor; whence they at last found their way through Africa
to the sea-coast of the Mediterranean. On reaching Tripoli, their numbers
were reduced to fourteen or fifteen, some of whom terminated their wanderings
and their life in obscurity at Constantinople; the remnant of upwards
of 4000, against whom Mohammed Ali had begun his contest for the
possession of Egypt.

Some few who had remained in Egypt were afterwards employed by the
Pasha. Osman Bey, and a few more, obtained the rank of governors of
provinces; and those who had the means of living independently were permitted
to establish themselves at Cairo. One of these, Soolayman Agha, who
has the honorary rank of wellee, or civil governor of the city, told me the
following anecdote. At the time of the massacre of the Memlooks he was
already a friend of Mohammed Ali's, from whom he received an indirect intimation
“not to go to the citadel” on that occasion; and as soon as order
had been restored in Cairo, the Pasha made diligent search for him, hoping
to find he had escaped the indiscriminate slaughter of his comrades.

A confidential messenger conducted him to Mohammed Ali. He was

overjoyed to see him, and his first question was respecting his escape. “I
disguised myself as a woman,” said the Memlook. “How! — With that
voice and that beard?” I am sure I should have discovered you. “I think
not,” was the reply; and the conversation then turned to other matters.

A few days after this, a stranger dressed in the usual veil and black
hábbarah of the Cairene women appeared before the Pasha, complaining of
ill-treatment from her husband. He pronounced judgment in the case, and
orders were given that the injured wife should be relieved from her husband's
injustice; when the complainant, throwing up the veil and disclosing the
face of a man, asked the Pasha if he acknowledged himself deceived by the
voice and appearance of Soolayman Agha. This incident was the cause of
great merriment to the Pasha and his Memlook friend.

It is surprising that the Memlooks, versed in and accustomed to all the
artifices of treachery, as they had ever been, should have fallen into a similar
trap, which Mohammed Ali himself had shortly before avoided, when invited
by Khoorshid to the citadel to receive the pelisse and title of Pasha of Judda;
and it is probable that, like a chess-player too intent on his own game, they
overlooked the intended move of their adversary, from being too sure of their
own success.

The destruction of the principal Memlooks left Mohammed Ali free to
prosecute the war he contemplated; and in the autumn of 1811, the army
was sent to Arabia. The young Toossoom, his son, took the command,
assisted by the ablest of his father's generals; but he received a severe check
from the valour of the Wahábees; and it was not till 1818 that Ibrahim Pasha
succeeded in taking the capital of the Draéëh.

Abdallah, the son of Sāóod, was made prisoner; and having been sent to
Constantinople, was there beheaded in 1819, after having been exposed to
the gaze of the people and every insult; and the other chiefs were taken to
Egypt, to be kept as hostages for the future tranquillity of Arabia.

In the year 1820, an expedition was sent into Ethiopia under Ismaïl
Pasha, with orders to annex the kingdoms and provinces of Dongola, Dar-Shéḵeëh,
Bérber, Shéndy, Sennár, Kordofán, and the intermediate districts,
to the Turkish empire. Nubia, between the first and second cataract, had
been previously overcome by Ibrahim Pasha, when driving before him the
Memlooks, who had passed through it, on their way south in 1811. The
present expedition had for its pretext the pursuit of those enemies of the
Pasha, who had taken refuge with the Mek of Shéndy, and were said to
threaten the tranquillity of Egypt. But the real motive of the expedition
originated in far deeper views. The turbulent spirit of the Albanians and
Turks precluded the possibility of introducing Mohammed Ali's favourite
project of European tactics: the removal of all the most obnoxious spirits
was the only means of overcoming their opposition; and the conquest of
those countries promised increase of wealth, power, and renown. His intention
was to send a large force into Upper Ethiopia, and bring from thence
a body of Blacks, to be disciplined, and formed into Nizám, or regular troops,
in some out-of-the-way place unobserved by the Turks; who too could not
object to this system being adopted towards foreigners, and could forsee in it
no danger to their own importance.

For this purpose he employed Colonel Sève (now Soolayman Pasha), a
French officer of great military talents, who had fled from France at the time
of the Restoration in 1815; and having established a military school at
Asouan in 1820, under the direction of Mohammed Bey Laz, sent 500 of his

Memlooks to be drilled and taught the duties of officers. At the same time
the Blacks were forwarded from Ethiopia to this, depôt, and drilled for soldiers;
and Mohammed Bey (if I remember correctly) told me that the project was
to have 80,000 of them as infantry, with Turkish artillery and cavalry; some
irregular Arab horsemen; and a few Albanians and Turks as a corps de
reserve, to supply the divisions in Arabia and Sennar.

But notwithstanding every care, the Blacks died off so rapidly that it was
found necessary to supply their places by native Egyptians; and this was
the origin of the present disciplined army. This was unfortunate both for
the viceroy and the people; as it drained the population of a thinly-peopled
country, and diminished the number of hands required for the cultivation of
the soil; which were doomed to be still farther reduced a few years after by
the establishment of numerous manufactories.

The introduction of the cotton plant gave the first impulse to Mohammed
Ali's scheme of making Egypt a manufacturing country; the impracticability
of which the experience of many years, the immense expense he has
incurred, the drain on the population, the destruction of machinery by the sand,
and universal opinion, have sufficiently demonstrated. The culture of the cotton,
which is of very good quality, is certainly beneficial to the revenues of Egypt;
as are the indigo, and many other kinds of produce introduced or increased
by Mohammed Ali; and had he been satisfied with the manufacture of
common stuffs, as in former times, for ordinary purposes, which did not
require expensive machinery, he would have found it more profitable in the
end. The export of the raw produce was obviously more beneficial to the
country, and the Pasha, contented with that, would have been a gainer in
money and disposable hands.

Indigo, cotton, and sugar-cane have been for many years cultivated in the
valley of the Nile. The first of these is of very excellent quality in Upper
Ethiopia, where the latter plant also grows; and a coarse sugar from the
cane was made long ago in Upper Egypt. But the indigo, as it now is, was
brought from Nabloos in Syria, in 1824, and the Indian cotton was introduced
by Maho Bey, assisted by M. Jumel, about 1819, and first grown at
Heliopolis. From him it received the name of Maho cotton, and it is a
curious fact, that it has been found growing at Fazoglo, above Sennar. A
sugar refining manufactory was established at Reramoon, in Upper Egypt,
by Mr. Brine, an Englishman, in 1818; and the coarse sugar of the peasants
being sent there to be refined, was found to be very good both in sweetness
and appearance.

Ibrahim Pasha, who had returned victorious from Arabia, was sent to
prosecute the war, and extend the Turkish conquests in Ethiopia; and Kordofan,
Sennar, and the other provinces were annexed to Egypt. He then
returned to Egypt, and other events soon called him to a new field;
for the moment had arrived when Mohammed Ali felt himself sufficiently
strong to attempt the subjugation of the revolted Greeks; and he sent to request
permission of the Sultan to undertake the war of the Morea, which he
promised to terminate at his own cost, and solely with his own troops; provided
he might withhold the tribute from Egypt during that time, for the
expenses of the war. This apparently disinterested offer was welcomed by
the Porte; and the Sultan rejoiced in a proposition which promised to destroy
an enemy, while it tended to weaken the resources of a too-powerful vassal;
and the assent of His Highness was returned in the form of a command to
Mohammed Ali to put an end to the Greek insurrection.

It is generally supposed that the order emanated solely from the Porte;

but the fact of Mohammed Ali's having proposed it was known to me between
two and three months before any order came from Constantinople, in
the following manner: — Happening to be acquainted with a Turk in the
Pasha's confidence, and conversing with him on his probable intentions, I
remarked that many in Cairo talked loudly of his kind reception of the
Greeks, and supposed that he was likely to join them in their rebellion against
the Porte. He then told me, that, so far were they from being right in their
surmises, the Pasha had sent to make the above proposition to the Sultan; and
in less than three months he added, “You will see the permission arrive
as an order from the Porte to send an army into Greece.” The result proved
the truth of what he said; and accordingly, in 1824, a fleet and army were
sent, under Ibrahim Pasha, to the Morea.

The results of this campaign, the intervention of the European powers in
July, and the battle of Navarino, October 20th, 1827, are well known.
Candia not having been included in the independence of Greece, was permitted
to be retained by the Porte, and Mohammed Ali, who had overthrown
the revolted Greeks there, was afterwards allowed the complimentary distinction
of appointing a pasha to that island, in lieu of obtaining the pashalic of
Syria, which he had solicited.

The Egyptian troops having been taken back to Egypt, and his Greek
projects having failed, Mohammed Ali turned his thoughts to obtaining possession
of Syria by force: this and the Morea, as one of his courtiers observed
to me, “being two doors that lead to the same place” — Constantinople.
For I need scarcely observe now, what I had so often mentioned to
English travellers whom I met in Egypt, while the war was going on in the
Morea, that the ultimate object of the Greek war was an attack on Constantinople;
though few would then believe that he had either the intention to
attempt so ambitious a project, or the means to oppose the (reputed) power
of the Porte.

There is little doubt that Sultan Mahmood, by his incessant animosity
against Mohammed Ali, and his repeated attempts to destroy him, paved the way,
in a great degree, for the success of his vassal's ambition; that the supineness
of European nations, in not preventing a collision between the Sultan and
the Pasha, led to the late unsettled state of Syria; and that their subsequent
interference was misplaced; but this subject is too long for discussion
at the present moment, and does not, of course, come within the scope
of this brief notice. Nor is it necessary to enter into the details of the Syrian
war, which are well known to every reader.

In contemplating the private character and political career of Mohammed
Ali, it is evident that, as an individual, he possesses many excellent qualities,
and is kind, indulgent, and humane; while in his public capacity he must be
censured for ambition, for extorting money from the people, and for neglecting
to relieve them from the state of misery to which they have been
reduced by his expensive projects.

On the other hand, it may be said, that, considering all he has done, which
originated solely in his own energies, his endeavours to civilise the country
have been highly praiseworthy; and when we compare him to others of his
nation, his superiority stands forth in a still more remarkable light. But
it is certain that his conduct may be presented under different aspects,
according to the views of his enemies or his friends; and this has led to the
great discrepancy in the character given of this extraordinary man. It may
be said that the various establishments set on foot in Egypt, the dykes, canals,
and other public works, are as much for the benefit of the government, as for

that of the people. This is true; but what other Turk has done it? and what
native would have made the attempt? and may not this be said of all great
works in any country? at the same time, how many prejudices of the people
has he not had to encounter? and how gradual must be the steps in the
commencement of civilisation? For these, then, he deserves full credit;
and the point for which he merits censure, is his having done little to ameliorate
the condition of the people, though indebted so much for his greatness
to the money wrung from their labours.

k. FAMILY OF MOHAMMED ALI.

The family of Mohammed Ali consists of Ibrahim Pasha, Saïd Pasha,
Hossayn Béy, Alim Bey, and Mohammed Ali Bey; Nuzleh Hanem,
his eldest daughter, the widow of Mohammed Bey Defterdar, and other
daughters.

Toossoom and Ismaïl Pashas died many years ago, and the former left a
son, now Abbas Pasha, who will probably one day succeed to the Pashalic of
Egypt.

Ibrahim Pasha has some children, the eldest of whom are Aẖmed Bey,
born in 1825, Ismaïl Bey, and Mustafa Bey.

The other members of Mohammed Ali's family are his nephews, Hossayn
Bey, Aẖmed Pasha, Ibrahim Pasha the younger, Ismaïl Bey, and some
younger ones.

l. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF KINGS OF EGYPT.

In order to assist those who are interested in Egyptian antiquities, I shall
introduce a list of the kings, which may be useful in examining the monuments,
particularly at Thebes.

Letter in Plate.	Kings.	Ascend the Throne B.C.	Events.
A	Menes, Menai	2320	First King of Egypt, according to Josephus lived upwards of 1300 years before Solomon.
	Athothis, his son (Other kings)	2300
		2204	Foundation of the kingdom of Assyria by Nimrod.
	Suphis, or Saophis	2123	Built the Great Pyramid.
		2089	Kingdom of Sicyon founded.
	Sen-Saophis	2083	Built the Second Pyramid.
		2057	Era of the Chinese Emperor Yao.
	Moscheris, Mencheris, or Mycerinus	2043
			Built the Third Pyramid.
	Apappus	2001	Or Aphoph “the Giant.”
		1920	Abraham arrives in Egypt. Probably the queen called Nicaule by Josephus.
		1856	Foundation of the kingdom of Argos.
		1848	Deluge of Ogyges in Attica.
NE	Menmoph, or Menmôthph	1830	Perhaps the only king of this xvth Dynasty, and a Theban.

XVI. DYNASTY FROM LOWER EGYPT.


ΨΩ	Osirtasen I.	1740	Reigned at least 43 years.
		1706	Arrival of Joseph.
AB	Amun-m`-Gori?	1696
CD	Amun-m`-Gori II.?	1686	Reigned at least 35 years.

XVII. DYNASTY FROM LOWER EGYPT.


EF	Osirtasen II.	1651
GH	Osirtasen III.	1636	Called also Nofrí-ftep, or Nofri-ôthph.
		1635	Death of Joseph.
IJ	Amun-m`-Gori III.?	1621	Reigned at least 41 years.
KL	…. .?	1580	Phonetic name not found.

XVIII. DYNASTY OF DIOSPOLITANS (FROM THEBES).


MN	Amosis	1575	Or Ames, “the new king (or Dynasty) who knew not Joseph.” Reigned at least 22 years.
		1571	Moses born.
		1556	Cecrops founds the kingdom of Athens, from Saïs.
OP	Amunoph I.	1550	Crude brick arches used in Egypt.
QR	Thothmes I.	1532	Flight of Moses, 1531.
Qa Ra	Amun-neit Gori?		Included in the reign of Thothmes II. Perhaps a queen. Nitocris?
ST	Thothmes II.	1505	Glass already known in Egypt.
		1503	Deluge of Deucalion.
UV	Thothmes III.	1495	A great architect.
		1491	Exodus. Moses died in 1451.
WX	Amunoph II.	1456	His son. Came to the throne young.
YZ	Thothmes IV.	1446	His son.

(Some foreign kings ruled in Egypt about this time.)
a b	Amunoph III. (while a minor, his mother, Maul-m`-shoi, Zb, was probably Regent.)	1430	His son. The supposed Memnon of the vocal statue at Thebes.
a2 b2	Amun-Toonh?		A foreigner, cotemporary of Amunoph III.
c d	Horus	1408	Iron first used in Greece, 1406.
e f	Remeses I.	1395	Or Remesso.
g h	Osirei, or Osiri I.?	1385	A great conqueror.
i 1, 2	Amun-mai Remeses or Remeses II. (His two Queens)	1355	Or Remeses the Great. The supposed Sesostris, son of Osirei, or Se-Osirei: hence, perhaps, confounded with Sesostris?
j 3, 4
5, 6
k 1	Pthahmen	1289	His son.

XIX. DYNASTY OF DIOSPOLITANS, OR THEBANS.


k 2, 12	Pthahmen-Se-Pthah	1269	(Sethos?) not admitted into the Theban lists, perhaps from being a Memphite, or from having only married the Princess Taosiri.
		1263	Argonautic expedition.
m n	Osirei II.	1255
o p	Osirei III.	1245
q r	Remeses III.	1235	His son, called also Miamun, and Amun-mai.
s t	Remeses IV.	1205	His son.
u v	Remeses V.	1195	Sons of Remeses III. Troy taken 1184.
w x	Remeses VI.	1180

XX. AND XXI. DYNASTY OF DIOSPOLITANS.


y z	Remeses VII.	1170
α β	Remeses VIII.	1155
γ δ	Remeses IX.	1140
ε ζ	Remeses X.	1125
η θ	Remeses XI.?	1110
ι κ	Amunmai Pouee?	1095	This name should perhaps come before εζ.
λ μ	Amunmeses? (Other kings)	1080	To about 1068.

XXII. DYNASTY OF DIOSPOLITANS.


1, 2	Sheshonk I.	978	Shishak of SS. (Solomon.)
3, 4	Osorkon I.	945	Zerah, king of Ethiopia, battle with Asa, 941.
5, 6	Takelothe	925

XXIII. DYNASTY OF DIOSPOLITANS.


7, 8	Osorkon II.	908	Money of gold and silver first coined at Argos, 894. Age of Homer 907, or 844.
9, 10	Sheshonk II. (More kings)	890	To about 860.
	Tnephactus, or Tnephachthus.	820?	The Technatis of Plutarch. The father of Bocchoris. Name not found.

XXIV. DYNASTY OF 1 SAÏTE.


1, 2	Bocchoris, or Pehor?	812	Called “the Wise.”

XXXV. DYNASTY OF ETHIOPIANS.


1, 2	Sabaco, or Sabakôthph	778	So of SS.
		753	Rome founded.
3, 4	Sebechon, or Shebek,	728	I am not certain which of these two kings should come first.
		721	Captivity of the Ten Tribes.
5, 6	Tehrak, or Tirhaka	714	Sethos said by Herodotus to have ruled at Memphis at the same time. Sennacherib attacks Judah 710.
	Ammeres?	698

XXVI. DYNASTY OF SAÏTES.


	(Uncertain.)		The 12 kings or monarchs.
7, 8	Psamatik, or Psamaticus I.	664	Psamiticus, or Psammitichus, son of Neco I.
9, 10	Neco II.	610	Nechao of SS., defeated Josiah 610 B.C. Era of Solon, Alcæus, and Sappho.
11, 12	Psamaticus II.	600	Captivity of Jehoiakim, 599.
	Apries	596?	Or Vaphres, the Hophra of SS. Takes Sidon. Perhaps 9a, 10a are his name.
13, 14	Psamaticus III.	590?	It is uncertain whether he was the same as Apries.
15, 16	Amasis, Ames	571	Married the daughter of Psamaticus III. Era of Thespis, Pythagoras, and Æsop. 560.
	Psammenitus, or Psammicherites	525	After 6 months Egypt conquered by Cambyses.

XXVII. DYNASTY OF PERSIANS.

19	Cambyses	525	Canbosh in hieroglyphics.
20, 21	Darius Hystaspes	521	Ntareosh. Egypt revolts.
22	Xerxes	485	Khsheersh. Recovers Egypt, 484.
23	Artaxerxes, or Artksheshes	472	Egypt revolts, and elects Inaros and Amyrtæus Kings. 463, the Persians retake Egypt. Inaros is crucified. Herodotus visits Egypt, 460.
	Xerxes II.	425	Reigns 2 months.
	Sogdianus		— 7 months.
	Darius Nothus	424	— 19 years.

XXVIII. DYNASTY OF ONE SAÏTE.


24, 25	Amyrtæus	414	Egypt revolts, and Amyrtæus is recalled.

XXIX. DYNASTY OF MENDESIANS.


26, 27	Nepherites	408	Nefaorot. Long vowels first used in Greek, 403.
28, 29	Achoris, or Acôris	402	Hakori. Death of Cyrus the younger. Retreat of the 10,000, 401.
30, 31	Psammoutis, or PseMaut	389	Nepherotes and Muthis not on the Monuments.

XXX. DYNASTY OF SEBENNYTE KINGS.


32, 33	Nectanebo, I.	387	Naḳ̱htnebo. Nectabis of Pliny.
	Teos or Tachos	369	Persians defeated, 362.
	Nectanebo II.	362	Defeated by the Persians, 340.

XXXI. DYNASTY OF PERSIANS.


Ochus	340	In his 20th year. Philip dies, 335
Arses	338
Darius	336	Alexander conquers Egypt.

MACEDONIANS. PTOLEMY BEING GOVERNOR OF EGYPT, 322.


	Philip Aridæus	323	Ptolemy made governor of Egypt in their name, 322.
	Alexander, son of Alexander the Great	317	Ptolemy made governor of Egypt in their name, 322.

PTOLEMIES, OR LAGIDÆ.


1	Lagus, or Soter	305	Married, 1 Eurydice, 2 Berenice.
2	Philadelphus	284	The Ethiopian king Ergamenes lived at this time. Mar. Arsinoë.
3	Euergetes I.	246	Mar. Berenice.
4	Philopator	221	Mar. Arsinoë.
5	Epiphanes	204	Mar. Cleopatra.
6	Philometor	180	Mar. Cleopatra. Antiochus invades Egypt, 170.
7	Euergetes II., or Physcon	145	Mar. 1 Cleopatra, 2 Cleopatra Cocce. Also called Philometor.
8	Soter II., or Lathyrus	116	Mar. 1 Cleopatra, 2 Selene. Called also Philometor, expelled 106.
9	Alexander I.	106	With his mother. Mar. Cleopatra. Lathyrus restored, 88.
10	Berenice	81	Daughter of Lathyrus.
11	Alexander II.	80	Bequeaths his kingdom to the Romans.
12	Neus Dionysus, or Auletes	65	Mar. Cleopatra. Expelled 58, restored 55.
13	Ptolemy, the elder son of Auletes	51	With Cleopatra, his sister and wife.
14	Ptolemy, the younger	47	Mar. Cleopatra also.
15	Cleopatra	44	Alone, and then with Cæsarion or Neocæsar, her son by J. Cæsar.

A.D.	Events.
122	Visit of Adrian to Egypt; and again, A.D. 130.
297	Taking of Alexandria by Diocletian.
325	Council of Nicæa in reign of Constantine. Athanasius and Arius.
379	Edict of Theodosius. Destruction of the Temple of Sarapis.
622	Conquest of Egypt by Amer (miscalled Amrou). (See Table of Caliphs.)
1517	Conquest of Egypt by the Turks under Sultan Selim.
1763	Rebellion of Ali Bey.
1798	Invasion of Egypt by the French.
1801	Expelled by the English.
1806	Mohammed Ali made Pasha of Egypt. (See above, p. 12.)

In the era of Menes I have followed Josephus; and by allowing 17 years
for each reign from Apappus to Menes, which requires a sum of 323, his era
would be about the time I have given, or B.C. 2324; though the number of the
reigns intervening between those two kings is by no means certain. In the
XVth Dynasty I have been guided by the Table of Kings at Thebes, which
gives one Diospolitan between Menes and the XVIIIth Dynasty.

The contemporary reigns of Shishak and Solomon are the earliest fixed epoch
for the construction of a chronologial table; but reckoning back the number
of years of each king's reign, either according to Manetho, the dates on the
monuments, or the average length of their ordinary duration, we may arrive
at a fair approximation; and the epoch alluded to on the ceiling of the Memnonium,
at Thebes, in the reign of Remeses II., seems greatly to confirm
my opinion respecting the accession of that Prince. And, allowing for the
reigns of the intervening monarchs his predecessors, the Exodus of the
Israelites agrees with Manetho's departure of the Pastors in the reign of
Thothmes III.

Those who wish to compare the lists of kings given by Manetho and
Eratosthenes, will find them in the History of Egypt given in my “Manners
and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians,” and in that very useful work,
“Ancient Fragments,” published by Mr. Cory.

Of the Shepherd Kings nothing certain has yet been discovered; nor is it
always possible to make the names given by Manetho and Eratosthenes accord
with those on the monuments.

The government of Egypt appears first to have been, as with the Jews, a
hierarchy, which was successively composed of the priests of one or other of
the principle deities; but its duration is uncertain. We then come to the
Kings, the first of whom, by universal consent, was Menes; and with him I
commence my chronological series.

The 2 ovals contain their prenomen and phonetic name, and the third that
of the Queen, whenever it has been found. Many other names of kings occur
on the monuments; but as their date and relative position are uncertain,
I have not been able to place them in this list.

LIST OF KINGS. — PHARAOHS.

LIST OF KINGS. — PHARAOHS.*

†

* This title, or Phrah, i. e. the sun, is prefixed to the names of all the kings as a banner. See the beginning of Dynasty 24., in this page.

† Other kings here [illeg.] LIST OF KINGS. — PTOLEMIES, OR LAGIDES.
Macedonians.

LIST OF KINGS. — PHARAOHS.

NAMES OF CÆSARS.

m. LIST OF THE CALIPHS AND SULTANS OF EGYPT.

The frequent mention of these Kings, particularly in describing the monuments
of Cairo, and the necessity of knowing at least when they reigned, induces
me to give this Chronological Table

Ommiades, or Ammawéëh.	Events during their Reign.	Began to reign.
		A.D.
Aboo Bukr, or Aboo Bekr (e' Sadéeḵ).	Invasion of Syria commenced.	632.
O'mar (ebn el Khuttáb, or Khattab).	Conquest of Persia, Syria, and Egypt. A'mer, or Amr (ebn el As) enters Egypt in June, 638.	634.
Othmán.	Conquest of Africa begun.	644.
A'li (or Alee), and Moáwieh I.	Ali in Arabia reigns till 661; and El H̱assan, his son, nominally succeeds him, and having reigned six months abdicates, A. D. 661. Death of H̱assan, 670. Moáwieh in Egypt and Syria.	656.

House of Ammawéëh (Omminades).
Moáwieh I.	Alone. Fruitless attack on Constantinople by the Saracens.	661.
Yezéed I.	His son. H̱ossayn killed at Kerbela.	680.
Moáwieh II.	His son.	684.
	[Abdallah, son of Zobaýr, reigned nine years in the H̱egáz (Arabia), from 64 to 73 A. H., or 684 to 693 A. D.*]
Merawán I.		684.
Abd el Mélek.	His son. Conquest of Africa completed. Abd el Azéez, his brother, made a Nilometer at Helwán. In 76 A. H. first Arab coinage. The oldest coin found is of 79 A. H. (699 A. D.); it is a silver Der'hem. The oldest gold deenárs are of the years 91 and 92 A. H.	684.
El Weleéd I.	His son. Conquest of Spain, 710. First invasion of India by the Moslems.	705.
Soolaymán.	His brother. Second failure before Constantinople. Was the first who founded a Nilometer at the Isle of Roda.	714.
Omar II.	Son of Abd el Azéez.	717.
Yezéed II.	Son of Abd el Mélek.	720.
Heshám.	His brother. Defeat of Abd e' Rahmán in France, by Charles Martel, 732.	724.
El Weleéd II.	Son of Yezéed.	743.
Yezéed III.	His son.	744.
Ibrahím.	His brother.	744.
Merawán II.	Grandson of Merawán I., killed at Abooséer, a town belonging to the Fýoóm, in Egypt.	744 to 749.

* The Hégira, or Moslem era, begins 622 A. D., dating from the “flight” of the prophet
from Mecca. To reduce any year of the Hégira to our own, we have only to and 622 to the
given year, and deduct 3 for every 100, or 1 for every 33; e.g. 1233 + 622 = 1855; then for
the 1200 deduct 36, and 1 for the 33 = 37, leaves 1818 A.D.

Dynasty of the Abbasides, or Abbaséëh, descended from Abbas, the uncle of Mohammed.	Began to reign.	Contemporary Dynasties.			Began to reign.
		A. D.
E' Seffáh, Aboo 'l Abbas, Abdallah.		749.
El Munsoór, Aboo Gáfer, Abdallah.	His brother. Bagdad is founded by Muns̱oór, and becomes the seat of empire. Under these Caliphs, astronomy and other sciences were particularly encouraged.	754.	Abd e' Raẖmán.	Established the Ommiade dynasty at Cordova in Spain; an example followed by the House of Ali, the Edrissites of Mauritania, and the Aglebites and Fatemites of Eastern Africa.	755.
El Maẖdee Mohammed.	His son.	775.
El Hádee Moosa.	His son.	785.
Haroón e' Rasheéd, or E'Rasheéd, or E' Rasheéd Haroón.	His son. The hero of Arabian tales, the “ally” of Charlemagne, and the dread of the Romans. The Edrisites found the kingdom of Faz (Fez).	786.	Aglebéëh, or Aglebite Dynasty in Africa.
El Ameén Mohammed.	His son.	809.	Ibrahim ebn* (or ben) el A'gleb (or Aḵleb).	Governor of Africa. Throws off his allegiance to the Caliphs. Regular troops first introduced by him.	800 to 811.
El Mamoón Abdallah.	Son of Haroón. A great encourager of arts and sciences, particularly astronomy. By his order Greek authors were translated into Arabic. Measures a degree of the meridian.	813.	This Dynasty rules till the year A. D. 900. Ḵayrawan (Cairoan), 70 miles south of Tunis, was their capital. It was founded A. D. 670.
(Ibrahim, son of El maẖdee, his competitor from 817 to 818).			This is followed in 910 by the Fowátem or Fatemite Dynasty.
El Mautússim billáh, Mohammed.	His brother. War with Theophilus. Turkish guards taken into the service of the Caliphs. Decline of the Caliphate.	842?

* In these names, Ibrahim el Agleb, Ahmed ebn e'Tooloon, and
others, the word ebn, “son,” should properly be written ben;
but in speaking (at least in Egypt) ebn is used.

El Wátheḵ billáh, Haroón.	His son. The Saracens attack Rome and fail, 846.	843?
El Motawúkkel al Alláh, Gáfer.	His brother. Makes the new Nilometer in the Isle of Roda.	847.
El Muntússer billáh Mohammed.	His son.	861.
El Mostain billáh, Ahmed.		862.
El Mautúz billah, Mohammed.		866.
			Tooloonides, Dowlet e' Tooloonéëh, in Egypt.
El Mohtúddee billah, Mohammed.	The power of the Caliphs was weakened by the factions of the Taherites, in 813; Soffarides, 872; Samanides, 874; Aglebites and Tooloonides, 800 to 906; Ikshidites, 934; Hamadanites, 892; and Bowites, 933.	869.
			Aẖmed ebn e' Tayloón (or e' Tooloón).	Governor of Egypt. Usurps the sovereignty of that country in 868. Builds a mosk at the back of the Ḵuttaeea, or Ḵalat el Kebsh, now within the walls of Cairo, with pointed arches, in his 11th year (A. H. 265, A. D. 879).	868.
El Mautummid al Allah, Aẖmed.	New sect of the Carmathians, 890. (El Mowuffuḵ billáh, his coadjutor from 871 to 891).	870.
			Aboolgáysh Khamarawéëh.	His son builds a series of palaces from Egypt to Bagdad. His daughter Ḵutr e' Nedda marries the Caliph Mautuddíd. Dies at Damascus in 896.	884.
El Mautússim billáh, Aẖmed.		892.
			Abool Asáker Gaysh	His son.	896.
			Aboo Moosa Haroón.	His brother.	897.
El Moktuffee billáh, Ali el Mautuddìd.		902.

Abbaséëh or Abbaside Dynasty.		A.D.	Tooloonide Kings.		A.D.
			Abool Magházee Sheeban.	Son of Aẖmed ebn e' Tooloón. Reigns ten days. In him ends this dynasty. The Caliphs retake Egypt.	906
			Dynasty of the Fatemites (Fowátem), or the Fatméëh Dynasty.
			Abayd Allah El Maẖdee billáh.	Usurps the government of Eastern Africa. Assumes the title of Maẖdee or “Guide.” Subdues the Edrissites of Western Africa. Invades Egypt in 912. Is defeated by the forces of Moḵtuddir.	from 910 to 934.
El Moḵtuddír billáh, Gáfer.	The Carmathians under Aboo Ṯáher pillage Mekkeh (Mecca), 929.	908.
El Ḵáher billáh, Mohammed.		932 to 934.

Abbaséëh.		A.D.	Fowátem in Africa.		A.D.	Cotemporary Kings of Egypt. Akhsheed Dynasty of Turks.		A.D.
E'Rádee billáh, Mohammed.		934.	El Ḵaiem be amr Illah, Mohammed.	His son	934.	El Akhsheed, Mohammed ebn Tughg, e'Toorkee, el Faraghánee.	Usurps the government of Egypt.	936.
El Mostúḵḵée Ibrahim.		940
El Mostúkfee billah, Abd-Allah.		944.	El Munsoor Ismáïl.	The Arabic character first employed about this time; but Cufic still used.	945.	Aboól Ḵásem ebn el Akhsheed.	His son.	948.
El Motée al Illah, El Fodl.	The Byzantine arms, under John Zimisces, threaten Bagdad.	946 to 974.
			Aboo Tummím, or El Möéz deen-Illah, Aboo Tumméem (Tummím) Maad (his son).	Sends Góher el Ḵáëd with an army to invade Egypt, which he takes. Góher founds a new city, under the name of Musr El Ḵáherah (Cairo) A. H. 358. In 362 A. H. it becomes the capital of Egypt. El Moéz arrives himself in 360 A. H., and removes the seat of empire to Cairo, leaving Yusef ebn Zeiri, his viceroy, in Africa.	952 to 969.	Abóol Hassan, Ali.	His brother.	962.
						Kafóor el Akhsheedee.	A slave of El Aksheed.	967.
						Aboóol Fowáris, Aẖmed.	Son of Ali, deposed by Goher.	969 to 970.

Abbaséëh.		Began to reign.	Fowátem in Egyyt.		Began to reign.
		A.D.			A.D.
E'Táieea billah, Abd el Kereem.	Rise of the Turkmans, 980. Mahmood created Sultán by the Caliph, in 997; overruns, about the year 1000, the whole of the provinces from the Caspian to India, which he also invades. Rise of the Seljuk Dynasty.	974.
			El Moëz	(as above)	969.
			El A̱zeéz billah, Aboól Nusr, Nizár.	His son.	975.
El Ḵáder billáh, Aẖmed.	Peter the Hermit, 995.	991.	El Hákem, be Omr — Illah, Aboo — Ali, Munsoor (his son).	The prophet of the Druses, aids Derari and Hamzah in founding this new sect.	996.
El Ḵáiem be Omr Illah, Abdallah.	Alp Aslan, nephew of Togrul, defeats Romanus, Emperor of Constantinople, and takes him prisoner, 1063. Accession of Melek Shah, 1072.	1031.
				A mosk of his remains at Cairo, with pointed arches, and date 393 A. H. or 1003 A. D.
El Moktúddee billáh, Abdallah.	Jerusalem taken, 1076. Division of the Seljuk empire into Persian, Kermani, Syrian, and Room Dynasties, 1092.	1075 to 1094.	E'Záher, or E'Dtháher, le Azáz deen Illah.	His son.	1021.
			Aboo Tummím, El Mostúnser Billah (his son).	Moëz, third successor of Yusef ebn Zeiri, in 1050, defeated by Mostúnser, whose rights to the African throne had been disputed. William I. of England, 1066 to 1087. William II., 1087 to 1100.	1036 to 1094.

El Mostúzhir billáh, Aẖmed.	Expedition of Godefroy de Bouillon, and taking of Jerusalem, 1096-99.	1094.	El Mostálee billah, Aboól Ḵsém, Aẖmed (his son).	Takes Jerusalem from the Turks, 1098. It is taken by the Latins in 1099. Henry I. succeeds in 1100. First Crusade, 1098.	1094.
El Mostúrshid billáh, El Fodl.	Foundation of the Mohades Dynasty in Africa and Spain, 1120.	1118.
E'Rashéed billáh.		1136.	El Amr, be-ah-kam Illah, Aboo Ali el Munsoor.		1101.
El Moktúffee leomr-Illah, Mohammed.	Crusade of the Emperor Conrad III. and Louis VII., 1148; Noor e'deen, son of Zenghi, in Syria, 1145-74.	1136.
			El Háfuz le deen Illah, Abd el Megeed, Mohammed.		1130.
				Stephen, 1136.
El Mostunged billáh, Yusef.		1160 to 1170.
			E'Dtháfer, Iah, Ismáïl.	Henry II., 1154.	1149.
			El Fiyéz, le Nusr Illah, Aesa.	His son.	1155.
			El Aádud le deen Illah, Abdallah.	The intrigues of Shawer and Darghan bring about the dissolution of this Dynasty in Egypt. The Franks penetrate to Cairo under Amaury, or Amalric, king of Jerusalem; the city is burnt on their approach, and they are forced to retreat.	1160 to 1171.

Abbaséëh.		A.D.	Aioobite Sultáns.		A.D.
			Eiyoobeëh, or Aioobite Sultáns of Egypt. Curd Dynasty.
El Mostúddee be-Noor-Illah.		1170.	El Mélek Yusef, Saláh -e' deen; or E'Nás̱er Saláh-e'deen, Yoosef ebn Eiyoob. (Saladin.)	Retakes Jerusalem from the Crusaders, in 1187. Crusade of the Emperor Frederick I. (Barbarossa,) and Philippe Auguste, and Richard Cœur de Lion, 1189—1192.	1171.
			El Mélek e'deen, or Melek el Azéez, Othman.	His second son. (Melek Afdal, his eldest son, ruled in Syria.)	1193.
			El Mélek el Munsoor, Mohammed.	His son; a child.	1200.
				In England the large massy column of Norman architecture began to be divided into smaller pilasters; and the arch took a pointed form about 1200.
E'Náser le-déen-Illáh, Aẖmed.	Fourth Crusade. Taking of Constantinople by the French and Venetians, from the Greeks, 1204. Fifth Crusade, 1218.	1180 to 1225.	El Mélek el A'del, Sayf-e'deen, Aboo Bukr. (Mélek Adel.)	Brother of Saladin, usurps the throne. Fifth Crusade. The Frank penetrate into Egypt, and take Damietta, but are obliged to abandon it, 1218 — 1221.	1200.

E'Dthaher, or E'Ẕáher billáh, Mohammed.	1225.	El Mélek el Kámel, Mohammed.	His son.	1218.
			Crusade of Frederick II., who obtains possession of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, Tyre, and Sidon, 1228.
El Mostúnsir billáh, Aẖmed.	1226 to 1242.
		El Mélek el A'del, Aboo Bekr.	His son.	1238.
		El Mélek E'Sáleh, Eiyoob, Nigm e'deen.	His brother. Sixth Crusade. St. Louis takes Damietta, 1249. In advancing towards Cairo the Count d'Artois is killed, and the king taken prisoner. On the evacuation of Damietta, and the payment of 400,000 pieces of gold, he is released.	1239.
		El Mélek el Moëzzem, Tarawán Shah.	His son, murdered by his father's Memlóoks. He was not his son by Shegeret e' door.	1249.
		Shégeret e'doór, Om Khaléel.	Widow of Sáleh, after three months abdicates.	1250.
		El Mélek el Ashraf Moosa.	From 1250 to 1254. Deposed by Moëz, who dates from the beginning of this reign.	1250.

Abbasséëh in Egypt.		A.D.	Baharite Memlook Kings.		A.D.
			Baharite Memlooks, Sultáns, or Kings of Egypt. Dowlet el Memaleek el Bahréëh or Torkéëh.
			El Moëz, Eze'deen, I'bek e' Toorkománee, e'S̱álehee.	Marries Shegeret e'door, and is killed by her from jealousy.	1250.
			El Munsoor Noor e'deen, Ali.	His son.	1256.
El Mostásum billáh.	In whom ended the Caliphate of Asia.	1242 to 1258.	El Mozúffer Sayf e'deen, Ḵotoz el Moëzzee.	Syria, which had been conquered by the Tartars (Tatárs), recovered to Egypt in 1260.	1259.
Nominal Caliphate of the Abbaséëh, in Egypt.			E'Ẕáher Baybérs el Benduḵdáree (a Memlook of E'Sáleh). Called also Rookne'deen and Aboo'l Fotóoh.	Succeeds, having assassinated his predecessor. Syria again invaded by the Tartars. Baybers marches thither, and takes Damascus. In 1264-5 he again goes into Syria, and extends his conquests over great part of Armenia.	1260.
El Hakem be Omr Illah, Aẖmed e'Rasheed, el Abbásee.	Appointed Caliph in the time of E'Ẕáher Baybérs, in 1263, and died in 1302.	1263.
				St. Louis dies before Tunis, 1270.
			Mohammed e'Sáeed, Naser e'deen, Bárakat Illah.	His son.	1277.
			El Aádel, Béder e'deen, Salámish.	His brother.	1279.

Dowlet el Ḵalaoonéëh, e'Salahéëh; a division of the same Baharite Dynasty.
El Munsoór Ḵalaóon (a Memlook of E' Saleh).	In 1279-80, sends an army into Syria, and recovers Damascus, lost to Egypt since the death of Baybérs. Founds the Hospital Morostán in Cairo, 1286.	1279.
El A'shraf Saláh e'deen, Khaleel.	His son. Takes Akkeh (Acre) from the Christians.	1290.
E'Nás̱er Mohammed. Ebn Ḵalaoón.	His brother.	1298.
El Aádel Ketbogha el Muns̱oóree.	Syria again overrun by the Tartars, 1295-6.	1294.
El Munsóor Hesám e'deen Lagéen, el Muns̱óoree.		1296.
E' Nas̱er Mohammed Ebn Ḵalaóon (restored).	An Egyptian army sent against the Tartars, who had obtained possession of all Syria, completely defeated. The Tartars are routed by a second Egyptian army, and driven beyond the Euphrates, 1302-3. Absolute Gothic began in England about 1300.	1298.

Abbasséëh in Egypt.		A.D.	Baharite Memlook Kings.		A.D.
			El Medúffer, or el Mozuffer, Rookn-e' deen, Baybérs, e' Gáshenkéer, el Munsóoree.		1309.
El Mostúkfee billáh Soolayman.	His son. Abdicated and was banished to Ḵoos, by Nás̱er Mohammed, who crowned El Wátheḵ as the new caliph.	1302.
El Wátheḵ billáh, Ibrahim.	Deposed by Nas̱er at his death.	1341.	E' Nás̱er Mohammed, Ebn Ḵalaóon (restored again).	Agriculture and the arts encouraged.	1310.
El Hakem be Omr Illah, Aẖmed.	Son of Mostúkfee.	1341.	El Munsoor Aboo Bekr.	His son.	1341.
			El Ashraf Kégek.	His brother.	1341.
			E' Nás̱er Shaháb e'deen, Ahmed.	His brother.	1342.
			E' Sáleh Ismáïl.	His brother.	1342.
			El Kámel Shabán.	His brother.	1345.
			El Meduffer (or Mezuffer) Hágee.	His brother.	1345.
			E' Náser Hassan.	His brother	1348.
			E' Sáleh, Saláh — e'deen.		1351.
			E' Náser Hassan (restored).	Built the mosk of Sultan Hassan in Cairo.	1354.

El Mautuddid billáh, Aboo Bekr.	His brother.	1352.	El Munsoor Mohammed.	Son of H̱ágee, the son of Ḵalaóon.	1361.
			El Ashraf Shaban. (A great grandson of Kalaóon.)	The first who ordered the Shereefs, or descendants of the Prophet, to wear green turbans. In 1365 Peter de Lusignan, King of Cyprus, besieges Alexandria and fails.	1363.
El Motawúkkel al Alláh, Mohammed.	His son, deposed in	1362.	El Munsoor Ali.		1377.
			E' Sáleh H̱ágee.	Deposed	1381 to 1382.
El Mautússim Zakaréëh.	Deposed after one month.	1378.
El Motawúkkel.	Restored, and deposed again after six years.	1378.	Dowlet el Memaleek el Borgéëh, e' Gerákseh (or Teherkaséëh) Circassian or Borgite Memlook Kings.
El Wátheḵ billáh, Omar.		1384.	E' Záher Berḵóoḵ.	Marches into Syria, and twice repulses the Tartars under Teemoorlang, or Teemóor (Tamerlane or Timur), in 1393-4.	1082.
El Mautússim Zakaréëh.	Restored in 1387, and reigned till 1390.	1387.	E' Náser Fúrreg.	His son.	1399.
				The Governor of Syria having rebelled, Fúrreg marches against him, takes him prisoner, and puts him to death, 1399-1400.
				The Tartars again invade Syria: Fúrreg marches against them, but is defeated, and returns to Egypt, 1400-1.
				He recovers Syria, 1405-6.

Abbasséëh in Egypt.		A.D.	Borgéëh, or Circassian Memlooks.		A.D.
El Motawúkkel.	Restored again, and died in 1406.	1390.	El Munsoor Abd el Azeez.	Reigns forty-seven days.	1406.
El Mostain billáh, Aboo 'l Fodl, el Abbas.	His son, deposed by Moáïud Shekh, in 1413, and imprisoned at Alexandria till his death.	1406 to 1413.	El Náser Fúrreg (restored.)*		1406.
			El Moáïud, Aboo l'Nusr, Shekh.	The para was, until this reign, of a drachm's weight of silver, and Moáïud coined, instead of it, the moáïudee, now corrupted into máydee.	1412.
			El Meduffer Ahmed.		1421.
			E' Záher, Aboo 'l Futteh, Tatr.		1421.
			E' Sáleh Mohammed.		1421.
			El Ashraf, Bursabái, or Borosbai.	Attacks Cyprus, and taking John III. prisoner, enforces the regular payment of tribute, 1423-4.	1422.
El Mautuddid billáh aboo 'l Fet-h, Daood.	His brother.	1413.	Abd el Azeéz, Aboo 'l Mahásin, Yoosef.		1438.
El Mostukfee billáh, Soolaymán.	His brother.	1442.	E' Záher Geḵmeḵ.		1438.
El Ḵaiem be omr-Illáh, Hamza.	His brother; deposed by El Ashraf Eenál, in 1455, and exiled to Alexandria.	1452.	El Munsoor Othman.		1453.
			El Ashraf Eenál.		1453.

* According to a MS. in my possession, of the Noozhet e' Nazereen.

			El Moáïud Ahmed.	Gives the crown of Cyprus to James son of John III., on condition of receiving tribute.	1461.
			E' Záher Khooshkudm.		1461.
			E' Záher Bolbai.		1467.
El Mostunged billáh, Aboo 'l Mahásin Yúsef.	His brother.	1455.	E' Záher Tumr Boghá.		1467.
			El Ashraf Aboo 'l Nusr, Káëdbai (or Ḵaitbay) e' Záheree.	After a successful war against the Turks, concludes a treaty of peace with them, 1490-1.	1468.
				Fall of Grenada, in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, and extinction of the Moslem power in Spain, 1492.
El Motawúkkel (or Metawúkkel) at Allah, Aboo 'l Ez, Abd el Azeéz.	His cousin.	1480.	E' Náser Mohammed, Aboo 'l Sadát.	Son of Ḵaitbay, reigned six months.	1496.
			El Ashraf Ḵansoóh.	A Memlook of Ḵaitbay, eleven days.	1496.
El Mostunsik billáh, Yaḵoob, or Mostunsir billáh.	His son.	1497.	E' Náser Mohammed.	Son of Ḵaitbay, one year and a half.	1496.
			E' Záher, Aboo Saeed, Ḵansoóh.		1498.
			El Ashraf Ganbalát.		1500.
			El Ā'del Toman Bai (Bay).		1500.

Abbasséëh.		A.D.	Borgéëh, or Circassian Memlooks.		A.D.
El Motawúkkel al Allah, Mohammed.	His son, taken to Constantinople by Sultan Selím. After the death of Selim he returned to Egypt, and reigned there till 1543, when he died, in the time of Daood Pasna.	1517 to 1543.	El Ashraf Ḵansoóh el Ghóoree, (or El Ghóree).	Defeated by the Turks under Sultan Selím, near Aleppo, and slain. The Turks advance to Egypt.	1501.
			El Ashraf Toman Bai, or Toman Bay (his nephew).	Elected by the Memlooks to succeed El Ghóree; defeated by the Turks near Heliopolis, and in a second battle taken prisoner, and hanged at the Bab Zooayleh, in Cairo, A.D. 1517.	1517.
	In him ended the Caliphate in Egypt. The Sultans of Constantinople thenceforward assumed the title of Caliph.
			Sultan Selím abolished the Monarchy, but left the Aristocracy of the Memlooks, on certain conditions; the chief of which were — annual tribute, obedience in matters of faith to the decisions of the Mufti of Constantinople, and the insertion of the name of the Sultan of the Osmanlis in the public prayers and on the coin. But the total subversion of the power of the Memlooks dates, in reality, from the invasion of the French and the subsequent occupation of Egypt by the Turks; and the finishing stroke to their real or nominal power, and to their very existence, has been since put by Mohammed Ali.

n. CERTAIN POINTS REQUIRING EXAMINATION.

The attention of those who are induced to make researches might be usefully
directed to the following points: —

1. Alexandria. — Ascertain the sites of the buildings of the old city.
2. Canopic branch. — Ascertain the site of Naucratis, Anthylla, and Archandra,
and the course of the Canopic branch.
3. Saïs. — Excavate, and make a plan of Saïs; at least look for the temple of
Neith.
4. Delta. — Examine the sites of the ruined towns in the Delta. Look for
their name in hieroglyphics, and for Greek inscriptions; but particularly
for duplicates of the Rosetta Stone. Look at Fort Julian below
Rosetta for the upper part of that stone. A trilingular stone is said to
be at Menouf, and others at Tanta and Cairo.
5. Heliopolis. — Excavate (if possible) the site of the temple of Heliopolis.
6. Pyramids. — Clear the Sphinx; and look on the N. side for the entrance.
Look for the hieroglyphic record mentioned in the Greek inscription
in honour of Balbillus, found before the Sphinx.
7. Memphis. — Make a plan of Memphis. Excavate about the Colossus for
the temple. Examine the mounds.
8. Look for new names of Memphite kings, about the pyramids, Sakkara, and
the site of Memphis.
9. About Cairo. — Ascertain the exact height of the column in the Nilometer,
or Meḵḵeeas at the Isle of Roda. Obtain from the Coptic Convent
at Babylon the inscription on wood of the time of Diocletian.
10. Look for trilingular stones in the mosks of Cairo.
11. Suez. — Look for an arrow-headed inscription to the N. of Suez, on the
way to Syria.
12. Onice. — Excavate the mounds of Onice, and look for the temple built
by Onias.
13. Fyoom. — Excavate about the pyramids or pyramidal buildings of
Biahmoo, and at the obelisk of Biggig. Examine the site of M. Linant's
supposed lake.
14. Ahnasieh. — Ascertain the hieroglyphic name of Ahnasieh (Heracleopolis).
15. Oshmoonayn. — Look for and excavate a small temple said to be there.
Look for names of Bakhan and other foreign kings. Visit Copt convents
in the neighbourhood.
16. Kom Aẖmar. — Inquire for and visit alabaster quarry in the mountains
near Kom Aẖmar. Look for hieroglyphics there, and if any, copy them
all. Go with an Arab of the Desert.
17. Metáhara. — Copy kings' names at the tombs of Metáhara, and columns
with full-blown lotus capitals.
18. Hermopolitana and Thebaïca Phylace. — Look for tombs in the neighbourhood.
19. Gebel Aboofayda. — Look for and copy hieroglyphics in the tombs of the
mountain.
20. Examine the white and red convents near Soohag and Itfoo.
21. Ekhmim. — Look for its tombs. Examine the Greek inscription. Ascertain
the hieroglyphic name of the goddess Thriphis. [See Ekhmim.]
22. How. — Excavate the Ptolemaic temple there.
23. Gow el Kebeer. — Look for the figure of the god Antæus.
24. Ḵasr e' Syád. — Look for old kings' names in the grottoes of the mountain
behind the village.

25. Thebes. — Copy all the astronomical ceilings in the tomb of Memnon,
and other tombs of the kings; also the whole series of the sculptures and
hieroglyphics of one entire tomb.
26. Esné. — Look for inner chambers of the temple behind the portico.
27. Ascertain what town stood near El Ḵenán, and the pyramid of Koola.
28. Edfoo. — Copy the great hieroglyphic inscription of 79 columns.
29. Asouan. — Look for early Saracenic buildings, and the oldest pointed
arches.
30. Oasis. — Ascertain the date of the crude brick pointed arch given by
Mr. Hoskins at Doosh.
31. Ethiopia. — Copy the names and sculptures of Upper Ethiopia, and
make a list of Ethiopian kings according to their succession, and ascertain
their dates.
32. Mount Sinai. — Make a plan of the temple at Sarábut el Khadem.

There is a monument in Asia Minor, which is said to be Egyptian. If so,
it is probably one of the stelæ of Sesostris mentioned by Herodotus, and similar
to those on the Lycus, near Beyroot, in Syria; and is worth examining.
It is the figure of a man, cut on the rock, near Nymphio, the ancient Nymphæum,
about 15 feet from the ground, with a javelin in his hand; and was
seen by the Rev. G. Renouard some years ago, who observes that one of the
ancient roads from Mysia to Lydia passed that way. Others are said to be
found near Tyre.

The Noreḵ, a machine used by the modern Egyptians for threshing corn.

o. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

In introducing this imperfect Vocabulary, I must observe that it is only
intended for a person travelling in Egypt, to which the dialect I have followed
particularly belongs. I have kept in view, as much as possible, the English
pronunciation, guiding my mode of spelling by the sound of a word, rather
than by its Arabic orthography, and have consequently so far transgressed,

that I have now and then introduced a p, which letter does not exist in Arabic,
but which nevertheless comes near to the pronunciation in certain words. I
have also thought it better to double some of the consonants, in order to point
out more clearly that greater stress is to be put on those letters, rather
than follow the orthography of the Arabic, where one only was used. He,
his, him, at the end of words, should properly be written with an h; but I have
merely expressed it, as pronounced, with oo. For the verbs, I have preferred
the second singular of the imperative, which in Arabic gives their general
form better than either the present or perfect tense, and is preferable for a
beginner to the músder or infinitive. Those in Italics are either derived
from, have been the origin of, or bear analogy to, an European or other
foreign word.

I may also observe, that I have sometimes introduced words used only by
the Arabs (of the desert), and some of the common expressions of the people,
in order that these (when of frequent occurrence) might not be unknown to a
traveller; but in general the first and second words are the most used.
The four kinds of Arabic are the ammee, vulgar or jargon; dárig, common
parlance; lóghawee, literal; and náhwee, grammatical.

PRONUNCIATION.

The a, as in father; ay, as in may; ā or ā very broad, and frequently nasal.
E, as in end; ee as in seek; eëh, nearly as i, in the Italian mi.
Ai and ei, as in German, or as y in my; but ai, rather broader. A single
e, at the end of words, as in Doge, stroke, &c.

I, as in is. J, as in English, but for it I have almost always used g.
Indeed in Lower Egypt the g (gim), which should be soft, like our j, is
made hard, and pronounced as if followed by a short i, like the Italian word
Ghiaccio; but whatever letter it precedes or follows, it should properly be
pronounced soft. For the ghain, however, I am obliged to use gh, a hard
guttural sound. Dj as j.

H, as our h; and ẖ with a dot, a very hard aspirate.
K, as in kill.

For the ḵaf, or gaf, I have used ḵ with a dot, or line, below it. Its sound
is very nearly that of a hard g, almost guttural, and much harder than our c,
in cough. Indeed it is frequently pronounced so like a g that I have sometimes
used that letter for it.

Kh, as the German ch and Greek ξ, but much more guttural.
O, as in on, unless followed by w.
O, as in go; ō and ô, rather broader; oo, as in moon; ow, as in cow.
R is always to be distinctly pronounced, as well as the h in aẖ; this ẖ is
frequently as hard as ch in loch.

S, and sh, as in English; but s̱, a hard and rather guttural sound.

T, as in English; and with a line, ṯ, very hard, almost as if preceded
by u. Dth is like our th in that.

U, as in bud; qu, as in English, when followed by another vowel: as
quiyis, or queiïs, “pretty.”

Y, as in yes at the commencement, and as in my in the middle of syllables.
Before words beginning with t, the, g, d, dth, r, z, s, sh, and n, the l of the
article el is ellipsed, and the e alone pronounced; thus, el shemál reads
e'shemál, the left, or with the consonant doubled, esh-shemál; e' ras, or
er-rás, the head. The doubled consonant indeed is nearer the pronunciation.

Words within a parenthesis are either uncommonly used, as khobs, kisra
for “bread,” or are intended, when similar to the one before, to show the

pronunciation, as maḵasheh (magasheh), a “broom;” though the two words
are often only separated by or, and a comma. Some give another meaning.

I ought to observe that the difference of letters, as the two h's, t's, and others,
are not always marked, but those only which I have thought of most importance,
and in some words only here and there, to show their orthography.

ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.

Able	ḵáder.
About	howalaýn.
Above	fōk, or foke.
Absurdity	mus'khera.
Abundance	zeeádeh.
Abuse, v.	ish'tem.
Abuse, s.	sheteémeh.
Abusive language	id.
By accident; see By force	ghusbinánee (i. e. in spite of myself).
Accounts, or reckoning	hesáb.
Add up	eg'mā.
Adore	ábed.
Advantage, profit	fýda, or fáideh, nef'fā.
Afraid	kheif (khyf).
I am afraid	ana kheif, a-kháf.
After	bād.
Afterwards	bā'dén, bād-zálik.
Again	Kummun, kummun nóba, tánee.
Age	om'r.
His age	om'roo.
Agent	wekeél.
Long ago	zemán.
Agree, v.	ittef'fuḵ.
We agreed together	itteffuḵ'na wéeabād.
Air	how'a, or how'eh
Alabaster	mar'mor, boorfeér.
Alive	hei, s̱áẖeh (awake).
All, collectively	gimleh, gemméeān.
All	kool, loolloo, pl. kool,-koohom.
All together	koolloo weeabad, kolloohom sow'a.
At all	wásel.
Allow, v.	khal'lee.
Almond	lōz, or loze.
Aloe	subbára.
Alphabet	ab'ged.
Also	la'kher, gazálik, aíḏun.
Alter, v.	ghéier.
Altitude	ertifáh.
Alum	sheb.
Always	déiman, or dýman.
Amber	kaẖrámán.
America	Yénḵee doóneea (Turkish, i.e. the New World).
Amuse, v.	itwun'nes.
Anchor	mur'seh, hélb.
Ancient	Ḵadeém, antéeḵa.
The ancients	e'nas el ḵadeém.
And	oo.
Et cætera	oo ghayr zálika.
Angel	malák, pl. maléiïkeh.
Anger	ḵahr, gẖudb, zemk, homḵ.
To be angry	ez'muḵ, ez'muḵ, ugh'dub, inham'meḵ.
Angle	zow'yeh.
Animal	hýwán.
Ankle	kholkhál.
Annoy, v.	iz'āl.
Annoyed	zālán. [ghayroo.
Another	wahed tánee, wáhed
Answer	gowáb (jowáb).
Answer, v.	rood, or roodd.
You are answerable for	el'zemak.
Ant	nem'el, or neml.
Antimony	koẖl (for the eyes). Ezek. xxiii. 40.; 2 Kings, ix. 30.
Ape	ḵird, pl. ḵoróod (goróod).
Apostle	rossoól.
Apparel	lips (libs), hedoóm, howáig.
It appears	bain, or býin.
Appetite	nefs.
Apple [mata)	teffáh.
Love apple (to-	bedingán ḵóta.

Custard apple	kish'teh.
Apricot (fresh or dry)	mish'mish.
Apricot dried sheet of,	kumredéen (kumr eddéen).
Arabic	A'rabee.
In Arabic	bil A'rabee.
Arab (i.e. of the desert)	Beddowee, pl. Ārab* (Shekh el Arab, an Arab chief).
Arch, bridge	ḵantara.
Architect	mehéndez.
The ark of Noah	sefeénet saýdna Noóeh.
Arm (of man)	drah.
Arms (weapons)	silláẖ, soolláẖ.
Arrange, v.	sullah, súl-lah.
Arrangement	tusléëẖ.
Art, skill	sun'nā.
Artichoke	khar-shóof.
As	zay.
Be, or I am, ashamed	astaýhee, akhtíshee.
Ashes	roomád.
Ass	hōmár.
Ask, v.	essāl, saal.
Ask for, v.	étloob.
Assist, v.	sād, saad.
At	fee, and.
Avaricious	tummā'.
Awake, v. a.	sáheh.
Awake, v. n.	as'her.
Awl	mukh'ruz.
Awning (of a boat, &c.)	esh'eh, tenda (Ital).
Axe, or hatchet	bal'ta.
Pickaxe.	fás, toóree (Coptic).
Back	dáhr, ḵuffá'.
Bad (see Good)	rádee, wáhesh, moosh-ṯy'eb.
A bag	kees, or keese.
Bald	aḵ'ra.
Ball	kō'ra.
Balsam	belisán.
Banana	mōz (moze).
Bank of a river	gerf.
Barber	mezaýin, mezaýn.
Bark, v.	hábháb.
Bark, s.	ḵishr (gishr).
Barley	shayéer.
Barrel	burmeél.
Basket	muḵ'taf, ḵóffah.
Basket (of palm sticks)	ḵáffass.
Wicker —	me-shénneh.
Bason	tusht, or tisht.
Bat (bird)	watwát. pl. watawéet
Bath	hammám.
Bathe, v.	istahámma.
Battle	harb, shemmata.
Bead	kharras, hab.
Beads, string of, carried by the Moslems	sib'ha.
Beans	fool.
Bear, support, v.	is'ned; (raise) er'fā [see Carrys].
Bear, put up with, v.	istah'mel.
A bear	dib'-h.
Beard	dagn, daḵn.
His beard	daḵnoo.
Beat, v.	id'rob (drub).
A beating	derb, hal'ḵa, kut'leh.
Beau, dandy	shellebee.
Beauty	queiása, ḵoueiása.
Beautiful	quéi-is,quiyis.
Because	seb'bub, beseb'bub.
Become	ib'ḵa (ib'ga).
Bed	fersh, fursh.
Bedstead	serér.
Bee	dabóor (dabboór).
Hive-bee	nāhl, náh-I.
Beef	Iahm buḵḵar, Iahm khishn.
Beetle	górán or jōrán, khónfus.
Before (time)	ḵub'lee.
Before (place)	ḵod-dám.
Beg,v.	ish-hat.
Beggar	shahát.
The beginning	el owel, el as'sel, assl, el ebtidáh.
Behind	warra, min ḵuffáh.
Believe,v.	sed'deḵ.
I do not believe	ana-ma aseddeḵ'shee or lem aseddeḵ.
Bell	gilgil,naḵóos.
Belly	ban, or boṯn.

* Beddowee and Arab have the same meaning; one is singular, the other plural: thus “that is an Arab,” “da Beddowee;” “those are Arabs,” “dól Ārab.”

This belongs to me	deh betáee,f. dee (betẖatee is used, but is vulagar).
Below; (see Under)	taẖ-t.
A bench	mus'taba.
Bend,v.	et'nee, inten'nee.
Bent (crooked)	métnee (māóog).
Berry.	hab.
Besides	gh yr, kheláf.
Besides—, except	l'.
The best	el aẖ'-san.
Better	aẖ'-san, a-kháyr.
You had better do so	aẖ'san támel keddee.
A bet	ráhaneh.
Betray,v.	khoon.
Between	bayn.
Beyond	bad, warra (i.e. behind).
Bible	towrát.
Big	kebéer.
Bill, account.	hesáb.
Bird, small	asfóor.
Bird, large	tayr.
Bit, piece	het'teh.
Bit of a horse	legâm.
Bite,v.	odd,or āód.
Bitter	morr.
Black	as'wed,f. sóda or sōdeh; az'reḵ (blue, or jet black).
Blade	silláẖ.
Blanket	herám, buttanéëh.
Blind	amián.
Blood	dum.
Blow,v.	um'fookh.
A blow	derb; on the face, kuff (English,cuff).
Blue (see Colours)	az'reḵ, kōẖ'lee.
Light blue	genzáree, scanderánee.
Sky-blue	semmáwee.
Blunt	bard (i.e. cold).
A wild boar	ẖalóof.
A board	Iōẖ.
Boat	seféeneh, ḵyáseh, feloókah.
Boat, ship	mérkeb.
Boatman	nóotee, marákebee, týfeh.
Body	gessed, bed'dan.
Boil,v.	ighlee.
Boiled (water)	mugh'lee.
Boiled (meat)	masloóḵ.
Bone	ādm, ādthm, āthm.
Book	ketáb, pl. koóttub.
Boot	gez'ma.
Border	harf, terf (turf).
Border of cloth, selvage	keenár.
Born	mowloód.
Borne, raised	merfóā.
Borrow	sellef.
Both	el ethnéen, wáhed oo e'tánee, dee oo dee (i.e. this and that).
Bottle	ḵezás, ḵezáz (i.e. glass).
Bottle, square	mourub'ba.
Bottle, earthen, for water	ḵoolleh, dórak, bardak (Turkish).
Bottom, of a box, &c.	ḵar (gar).
Bow	ḵōs (ḵōz).
Bow and arrows	ḵōs̱'oo nisháb.
Bowl	ku̱̱āh.
Box	sendóok, pl. senadéek.
Small box	el'beh, as elbet e'neshōk, a snuffbox.
Boy	wellet, or wullud (whence valet).
Brain	mōkh.
Brandy	ar'rakay (árakee).
Brass	náháss-ásfer, espedráyg.
Brave	geddā.
Bread	esh (khobs, ki̱'sra).
Roll of bread	raḵéef esh.
Breadth	ord.
Breadth, extent	wússā.
Break,v.	ek'ser.
Broken	maksóor; (cut, as a rope), muḵtoóā.
Breakfast	fotoór.
Breast	súdr (sídr).
Breath	neffes (nef'fess).
Bribe	berteeél.
Brick	ḵáleb, toob áẖ-mar.
Crude brick	toob ny.
Bride	haroóseh.

Bridge	ḵan'tara.
Bright	menówer.
Bright shining	Iámā–it is, yílmā.
Bright light colour	maftóoẖ.
Bringv.	āāt, geéb.
Broad	āréed.
Broad extensive	wása.
Broom	me-ḵásheh (pronounced magásheh).
Brother	akh.
His brother	akhóo; my—akhóoia (ya).
Brother-in-law	neséeb.
Brush	foor'sheh.
Buckle	ebzéem, bezeém.
Buffalo	gamóos.
Buffoon	Sóotaree.
Bug	buḵ (Engl. bug).
Build	eb'nee.
A building	benái, bináieh.
Bull	tōr or tōre (taurus).
Burden, or load of camels	hem'leh.
Buried	madfoón.
Burn,v.	aẖ'reḵ, ḵeed.
Burnt	malōóḵ.
Bury,v.	id'fen.
Business	shoghl.
Busy	mashghoól.
But,adv.	láken, lákín, likán.
Butter	semn, més-lee.
Butter, fresh	zib'deh.
Buy,v.	ish'teree.
By,pr.	be (by kindness, bil māróof).
Cabbage	kroómb.
Cabin	maḵat (mag'at).
Cabin, inner	khaz'neh.
Cable, rope	ẖábl (cable).
Cairo	Mus̱r, Mus̱r el Ḵáherah, Miśr.
Cake	káhk (cake.)
Calamity	dur'rer, azéëh.
Calculate,v.	aẖ'seb.
Calico (originally Calcutta)	buf'teh.
Caliph	Khaléefeh.
Call, v.	en'dā, kellem, nádem.
It is called	es'moo, iḵóolahoo.
What is it called?	es'moo áy? esh es'moo?
What is his name?	es'moo áy? esh es'moo?
A calm	ghaléenee.
Camel; (see Ship)	gem'mel, pl. gemál.
Camel, female	náḵa (náḵeh).
Camel, young male	ḵaot (gaóot).
Camel, young female	buk'kara.
Camp	or'dee (whence horde?).
Camphor	kafóor.
I can	ana aḵ'der.
I cannot	ma-aḵdér-shee.
Candle	shem'mā.
Candle, wax	shemma skanderánee.
Candlestick	shemmadán.
Cannon	mad'feh.
Cap, red	tarbóosh.
Cap, white	taḵéea (takéëh).
Capacious	wása.
Caravan	ḵaf'leh.
Care	igtehád.
Take care	ō-ā.
Take care of	aẖ' fuz, istaẖ'rus.
I don't care	ana málee.
I don't about it (or him)	ana málee oo maloo.
Carpenter	negár (nujjár).
Carpet	segádeh.
Carpet, large	keléem, boossát.
Carrion	fateés, fatéese.
Carry, lift, v.	sheel, ayn; érfa.
Carry, raise,
Carry away, v.	sheel, wod'dee.
Cart, carriage	arabéeh, áraba.
Cartridge	rem'ieh, tāméreh.
Case (étui)	zerf, bayt, élbeh, hōḵ.
Cat	koṯṯ (goṯṯ, f. goṯṯa): bissáys; biss.
Catch, v.	el'haḵ.
Catch, in the hand	el'ḵoof.
Cattle	bahéem, booḵár.
Cauliflower	karnabeét.
The cause	e'sebbub.
A cave	maghára.
Ceiling	suḵf.
The centre	el woost (middle).

Cerasters snake	héi bil ḵōróon.
Certainly	māloóm, maloómak, helbét we laboób.
Chain	sil'sileh, pl. selásil.
Chair, stool	ḵoor'see, pl. karásee.
Chamber	ō'da, pl. ōad.
Chance, good fortune	bukht, nuséeb, rizḵ (risk, risque).
Charcoal	faẖ'm.
Charity	has'aneh, sow-áb, lilláh.
A charm	hegáb.
Chase, v.	istád.
Chase, s.	sayd.
Cheap	ra-kheés.
Cheat, v.	ghushm, ghush-im, ghish.
Cheek	khud.
Cheese	gibn.
Cherrystick pipe	shébook keráys.
Child, boy	wulled.
Children	welád.
Choke, strangle,v.	itkhinniḵ.
Choose,v.	nuḵ'ḵee (nug'gee).
Christian	nusránee *, pl. Nassára.
Church	kenéesh.
Cinnamon	ḵeer'feh (i.e. bark).
Circle	déira, dýreh.
Cistern	hōd, hōde.
Citadel	ḵálā
City, capital	medéeneh.
Civet	zubbet, zubbedéh.
Civility	māróof.
Clean, v.	nadduf.
Clean as a pipe	sel'lik.
Clean, adj.	nadeéf.
Clear	réi-iḵ, rýeḵ.
Clever	sháter.
Cleverness	shutára.
Cloak	bórnoos.
Close, near	garéi-ib (garý-ib).
Close, v.	iḵ'fel.
Closet	khaz'neh.
Cloth	gooh.(see Linen.)
Clouds	ghaym, saháb.
Clover	bersim' (burséem).
Coals	fahm hag'gar.
A live coal	bus'sa, bussa-t-nar, gumr.
Coarse, rough	khishn.
Coast	bur, shet.
Cobweb	ankabóot.
Cock	deek (Engl. dick, bird).
Cock-roach	sursár.
Coffee	ḵah'-weh.
Raw coffee	bonn, bon.
Coffee-pot	búkrag, ténnekeh (see Cup).
Coins	gid'dat, or giddud.
Cold	bard.
The cold	el berd, e' suḵḵā (sugā).
Collect, v.	lim.
College	mad'-resee.
Colour	lôn(lone), pl. elwán. shikl, pl. ashkál.
Colours	elwán, ashkál.
black	as'wed, az'reḵ; f.
sōda, zer'ḵa.
white	ab'iad, f. baýda.
red	aẖA'mar, f. ẖam'ra.
scarlet	wer'dee.
dark red	aẖ'mar dóodéh.
purple blue	óodee.
purple	men'oweésh.
primrose	bum'ba.
peach	khókh-ee.
peach of ashes	roomádee.
green	ákhder, f. khádra.
dark blue	az'reḵ, f. zer'ḵa, kō'ẖlee.
light blue	genzáree, skanderánee.
sky blue	semmáwee.
brown	as'mar, f. sam'ra.
light brown	kammóonee.
yellow	as'fer, f. saf'fra.
orange	portoḵánee.
spotted	menuḵ' rush (menug' rush), munḵoósh.
dark colour	ghámuk.
light	muftóoẖ.
Comb	misht.
Come,v.	ig'gee.
Come up, v.	et'lā fōk (fōke).
I am (he is) coming	ána (hooa) géi.(gy) [tāāl.
Come here	tāāl hennee, tāāl gei,

* “He shall be called a Nazarence.”

I came	ána gayt.
Common, low	wátee.
Compass	boos'leh, bayt-ébree.
Compasses	bee-kár.
Complain, v.	ish'-kee.
Complain of, v.	ishtek'ee.
Composed of	mitruk'kib min.
Consequently,	behay's in (since).
Consulate	bayt el Ḵónsol.
Consult, v.	show'er (show'wer).
Constantinople	Stambóol, Istambóol.
Continent, land, shore	búr (burr). [bóol.
Continue, v.	istamír, ber'dak.
Convent	dayr.
Conversation	hadéet.
Cook	tabbákh.
Cook, v.	et'bookh.
Cooked, meat	tabeékh.
Cooked, drest.	mestow'ee.
The cool	e' tarow'eh, taraw'eh.
Coop, for poultry	kaf'fass.
Copper	nahass.
A copy (of book)	noos'kha, nooskheh.
Cord (See Rope)	hábl, hab'bel.
Cork, of a bottle	ghuttā ḵezáss.
Corn	ghulleh.
Indian corn, or mayz	Doóra Shámee.
Corn, or wheat	ḵumh (gumh).
Cornelian	haggar haḵeéḵ.
Corner	roók-n.
Corner, projecting, of a mountain	ḵoor'neh (goorna).
It costs	es'-wa.
Cotton	ḵôton.
Cotton stuff	ḵotnéëh.
Cover, v.	ghuttee.
Cover	ghutta.
Cough	ḵōhh, seẖ1.
Count, v.	ed, áẖ-seb.
A country	belled, eḵleém.
The country	el khulla, el khal'a.
A couple [half	gōz, ethnéen (two)
A couple and a	gōz oo ferd.
Cousin	ebn am, f. bint am.
Cousin on mother's side	ebn khal.
Cow	buḵḵar, buḵḵara, pl. booḵar boogár) (Lat. Vacca.)
Coward	khowáf, (khowwáf.)
Cream	kish'teh.
Creator	el kháluḵ.
Creation	khulḵ.
A crack, fissure	shuk (shug.)
Cracked	máshóok.
Crocodile	temsáẖ, pl. temaséeẖ.
Crooked	māóog.
Cross	seléeb.
Cross, out of humour	zemḵán, zālán.
Crow	ghoráb.
Cruel	moẖ'zee, hásee.
Cruelty	azéëh, azāb.
Cultivate, v.	ez'rā, i. e. sow.
Cunning, artful	sáẖab ẖay'leh, sáẖab dubar'ra.
Cup	solṯ anéëh.
Cup glass	koba, koobái, koobaíeh.
Coffee-cup	fingán.
Coffee-cup stand	zerf.
Cure, v.	ṯéieb (ṯý-eb).
To be cured	iṯéeb.
It is cured	ṯáb.
Curious, wonderful	agéeb, gharéeb (strange).
Curtain	setárah.
Custom-house	diwán [douane].
Cushion	mekhud'deh.
Cut, v.	eḵ'tā.
Cut with scissors, v.	koo's.
Cut, part. p.	muḵ-toóā, meḵuttā.
Cut out, as clothes, v.	fussel.
The cutting out	e' tufséel.
Dagger	sekéen, khánger.
— large	gembéëh, yatagán, yatakan (Turk.).
Damp, a.	táree.
Damp s	taráwa, rotóobeh.
Dance v.	er'kus.
Danger	khòf (i. e. fear).
Dark Dates	ghámuḵ bel'taẖ.
Date tree, palm	nakhl.
Daughter	bint.
Day	yôm, pl. iyám, náẖr.
to-day	el yôm, e' naẖr dee.
every day	kool yôm, koollyô'm.

in days of old	áiam e'zemán, zemán.
a day's journey from hence	saffer yôm min hen'nee.
from the day (or time), I came	min náẖr ma gáyt, min yôm in gayt.
in those days	(fee or) fil aiam dôl.
now, in these days	el-yôm, fee haza el waḵt.
Sunday	el had, naẖr el had.
Monday	el ethnéen.
Tuesday	e'thelát.
Wednesday	el e'rbā.
Thursday	el khamées.
Friday	e' goómā.
Saturday	e' sebt (see Morning).
Dead, s.	mýit, méi-it, pl. mýetéen.
Dead, died, a.	mat
Deaf	at'trush.
Deal plank	lōẖ béndooḵee (i. e. Venetian).
A great deal	keteér ḵow'ee.
Dear	ghálee, āzéez.
Dear, in price	ghálee.
My dear to a woman	ya ẖabéebee.
	ya ẖabéebtee, ya aýnee, ya aynáy, ya ayóonee, i. e. my eye, my two eyes; ya róẖee, my soul.
Death	môt.
Debt	dayn.
Deceitful	mukkár.
Deep	ghareeḵ, ghowéet.
The Deluge	e' toofán.
Deny, v.	in'kir, unkóor.
Derived from	mooshtúḵ min.
Descend, v.	in'zel.
Descent	nezóol.
The desert	el burréëh, e'gebál, (i. e. the mountains).
Destiny	neséeb.
The Devil	e'Shaytán, el Eblées.
Dew	nedda.
Diamond	fuss, almás (Turk.).
Dictionary	ḵamóos.
Die, v.	moot.
He is dying	bemóot.
He died	mat, itwuf'fa.
Different	beshḵa, beshḵeh.
Difficult	saāb, war, tekéel, ḵásee.
Dig	fāāt, ef'āt.
Diligence	eg'tehád.
Dinner	ghúdda.
Directly	ḵawám; — in answer to a call, ẖáder.
Dirty	wus'sukh.
Disgust (to sight or taste)	ḵur'ruf (gurruf).
I am disgusted with it	ana áḵruf mín oo.
Disposition	tubbā.
Dispute, v.	ẖanuḵ, it-ẖanuk.
A great distance	mésh wár keeber, bayít.
Divide, v.	eḵ'sum.
Divided	maḵsoóm.
Do	ámel (efāāl, sow'wee).
I have nothing to do with it	ana máleesh dáwa boo.
I cannot do without it	ma astag'nash (astaḵnash) an'oo.
Doctor	ẖakím (ẖakéem).
Dog	kelb.
Dollar (coin)	réeal-fránza.
A Dome	ḵoobbeh (al ḵoobbeh, alcoba, alcove).
Door	bab (see Gate).
Dot	nooḵ'teh.
Double, v.	et'nee.
Dove	yemám.
Ringdove	ḵim'ree.
Draw, v.	sow'er; ik'tub, i. e. write.
Draw out (as teeth)	eḵ'la (eg'la).
Drawing	tassowéer, sóora, ketábeh.
Drawers	lebáss.
Drawers chest of	beshtukh'ta(Turk).
Dress	libs (lips).
Dress, v.	el'bes.
Drink, v.	ish'rob.
Drive, v.	sooḵ (soog).
Dromedarist, courĭer	haggán.
Dromedary	heg'gin.
Drop, v.	nuḵḵed.
A drop	nooḵteh.

Drown, v.	egh'-ruḵ, ghérreḵ.
A Druggist	attár.
Dry	ná-shef.
Dry, v. a.	in'-shef.
Dry v. n.	nésh-ef.
Duck, goose	wiz.
Dumb	ekh'-rus.
Dust	trob, trab.
Duty	wágeb.
it is my (his) duty	wágeb-aláy.
Dwell, v.	is'koon.
Dye, v.	es'boogh.
Dye, dyer	sabágh, sabbágh.
Each	kóol-e-wáhed (every one).
Eagle	aḵáb, oḵáb.
Ear	widn.
Early	bed'ree, bed'ree.
Earth	ard.
East	sherḵ.
Easy	sáẖil, saẖ'leh.
Eat, v.	kool, ákool.
Edge	harf.
Edge of a sword, &c.	had.
Egg	bayd.
Egyptian	Mus'ree, belledee, i. e. of the country.
Egypt	Musr, ard Musr, Misr.
Upper Egypt	e' Sā'eed.
Elbow	kóoā.
Elephant	feel.
Nothing else, there is nothing else.	ma feesh hágee gháyroo; lem fée ha shay gháyrha.
Emerald	zoomóorrud.
Empty	fargh.
Empty, v.	fer'regh.
The end	el ákher.
The end, its end	e'terf, ter'foo, ákheroo.
The enemy	el ádoo, addoo.
English	Ingléez, Inḵléez.
Enough	bess, bizeeádeh.
It is enough	ik'feh, yikfeh, ikef'fee.
Enquire, v.	istuk'see.
Enter, v.	id'-khol, khosh.
Entering	dákhil.
Entire	koolloo, kámel.
Entrails	mussaréen.
Envy	ghéereh.
Equal to	ḵud, ála ḵud.
Equal to each other, alike	ḵud-e-bad, zaybád.
Escape, v.	et'fush, yetfush.
he escaped	tuffush.
he has escaped with his life	omroo towéel, neffed be ómroo.
An estate, rented	ard (or belled) eltizám.
An property, possession	milk.
Europe	Európa, béled (belled), el Frang.
European kings	el ḵóronat el Frang.
European people	Frang, Afrang.
English	Inglées, Inḵleés.
French	Franseés.
Frenchman	Fransoẃee.
Germans	Nemsoweeh.
a German	Nemsoẃee.
Russians	Mosko, Moskowéëh.
a Russian	Moskow'ee.
Italians	Italiáni.
Poland	Lekh.
Hungary	Muggar
Greeks	Erooam'.
a Greek	Róomee.
Spain	Beled el An'daloos.
Even, level, equal	mesow'wee (mesáwee).
Even, also	hat'ta.
Good evening (see Morning).	messekoom bil khayr, sal khayr, sād messākoom.
The evening	el messa, el āshéëh.
Every	kool.
On every side	fee kool e' náhia.
Every one	koolle wáhed, koollohom (all).
Every where	fee kool e'-mátrah, fee kool e'doóneea.
Every moment	koolle saa.
Evident	bein (bain, býin).
Evil	rádee.
Exaction	bal'sa.
Exactly	temám, i.e. perfect.
Exactly so	bizátoo.
Exactly like it	zaýoo sow'-a, mitloo sow'-a, bizátoo.

For example	mus'salen.
To excavate	efāt, fāt.
Excavation	fāt, fāāt.
Excellent	āzeém.
Your Excellency	genábak, hádretak (your presence), sādtak, (— highness), pl. genábkoom, hádratkoom, sādetkoom.
Except, adv.	illa.
Exchange	bed-del, ghéier.
Excuse	heg'geh, pl. heg'geg, ōz'r.
Excuse me, I beg pardon	ma takhoznásh, el āfoo.
Execute, decapitate	dya, deia, deí-ya.
Expend, v.	deía (deí-ya, dý-ya).
Expense	kool'feh.
Expenses (of a house)	masróof.
Explain, expound.	fusser.
An extraordinary thing	shay āgeéb, agéiib, shay gharéeb.
The eye	el ayn, pl. el aīóon.
Eyeball	habbet el ayn.
Eyebrow	há-geb, pl. howágib.
Eyelash	rimsh.
Eyelid	ḵobbet el ayn.
The face	el wish (el widj).
Faint, v.	dookh.
A fair price	temn hallál, temn menáseb.
Very fair, tolerable	menáseb.
A fairy	gin.
Faith (creed), testimony of	shaháda.
Fall, v.	uḵa, yoóḵa.
False	keddáb.
His family	aẖl baytoo, áẖloo.
Fan	mérwáẖa.
Far	bay-ít.
How far from this?	ḵud-ay min hénnee.
A farce, or absurdity	mús-khera.
Farrier	beetār.
Farther	abbād, ábād.
Fat, a.	seméen, ghaleet.
Fat, s.	semn, shahm, dehn.
Father	ab, abóo, abée.
Fatigue	tāāb.
Fault	zemb.
It is not my fault	mā'leesh zemb, mā'leesh daw'a.
Do me the favour, kindness	āmel māróof, āmelni el māróof.
Favorisca, (Ital.)	tefod'thel, tefod'del.
Fear	khōf, khófe.
A feast	azoómeh.
Feather	reesh.
Feel, v.	hassus.
Female	netái, netéieh, netý, oónseh.
Ferry-boat	mādéëh.
Field	el ghayt.
Fig	tin.
Fight, v.	kátel, háreb.
A fight	ketál, harb, shémmata.
File	mub'red.
Fill, v.	em'la.
Find, v.	el'ḵah (elga).
Finger	subā, (soobá).
Fore finger	e' sháhed.
Middle —	subā el woostánee.
Fourth —	bayn el asába.
Little —	khansur.
It is finished	khalás, khá-les, khul'les, khólset. f.
Fire	nar.
Fire, live coal	bus'sa, bus'set-nár, gumr, jum'ra.
Fire a gun	id'rob (or sýeb), bendooḵéëh.
The first	el ow'-el, el owelánee.
When first I came	ow'el ma gaýt.
At first	ow'elen.
Fish	semmuk.
Fisherman	sý-ád, semmák.
Flag	baýrek, banday'ra, san' gak.
Flat	mebuttut.
Flax	kettán.
Flea	berghoót.
Flesh	laẖm.
Flint	sowán.
Flour	daḵeéḵ.

Flower	zahr, nowáh.
A fly	debán (debbán).
Fly-flap	menash'eh.
Fly, v..	teer.
Fog	shaboór.
Fool	magnoón.
Foot	ḵúddum (gudm).
Footstep	at'ter (attar).
For	me-shán, ali-shán.
Force	ghusb. (ghusp)
By force, in spite of him	ghusbinánoo, ghusb āláy.
Forehead	koóreh.
Forehead, lower part of	gebeén.
Foreign	barránee, ghareéb.
To speak in a foreign language	értun; subst. rotán.
Forget, v.	in'sa.
I forgot	ana neseét.
Do not forget	ma tinsásh.
Forgive me	sud, málésh.
Forgive, v.	se-máh.
Fork	shōk (shoke).
Formerly	Zemán.
Good fortune	bukht, neséeb, risḵ.
Fountain	feskéëh.
A fowl	fur'-kher, faróog.
Fox	abool-hossaýn, táleb.
Free	horr.
Frenchman	Franzówee, pl. Franzées. Fran'gee is a corruption of Français; it is frequently used as a term of reproach, but never as freeman.
Fresh, new	gedeét.
Fresh (fruit)	ṯar'ree; f. ṯaréëh.
Fresh water (sweet)	moie hélweh.
Friend	sáẖeb, ẖabéeb, reféeḵ, i. e. companion.
From	min.
Fruit	fowákee.
Fuel	weeḵéd.
Full	melán, melián.
Fur	furweh.
Further	ábád.
Gain (profit)	muk'seb.
Gallop, v.	er'maẖ.
Game (caccia)	sayd.
Garden	ginnaýneh, bostán, pl. ginneín, bussateén.
Gardener	genaynátee.
Garlic	tôm.
Gate (door)	bab, pl. bibán, or aboáb.
Gather up, v.	lim.
Gazelle	ghazál, dubbee.
A general	sáree-ásker (sarasker).
Generosity	kar'rem.
He is generous	éedoo maftoóh, i. e. his hand is open.
Gentlemanly	rágel lateéf, rágel zereéf.
Gently	be-shwō'-esh, ála maẖlak.
Get up	ḵoom.
Gift	hadéëh, bak-shéesh, (bakshish.)
Gilt	medá-hab, mútlee be dáhab.
Gimlet	bereémeh.
Gold	dá-hab, dtháhab.
Ginger	genzabeél.
Gipsey	ghug'ger.
Gird, v.	haz'zem, it-haz'zem.
Girl	bint.
Give, v.	id'dee, ā'-tee.
Glad	fer-ẖán.
To be glad, v.	éf-rah or effrah.
Glass	ḵezáss.
Globe	kóra.
Glove	shuráb (i. e. stocking).
Glue	gher'reh.
Gnat	namoós.
Go, v.	rooẖ.
Go, get away, v.	im'shee, foot.
Go in, v.	id'-khool, hōsh'.
Gone	raẖ.
Going	rýeh.
Going in, p.	da'khel.
Going in, s.	dokhóol.
I am going	ana rye.
He is gone	hooa raẖ.
I went	ana rōẖt.
Go out, v.	ekh'roog, étla, étla bar'ra.

Do not go out	la-tétla, ma tetlash bar'ra.
Goat	maý-zeh.
She goat	an'zeh.
Kid	giddee.
God(our Lord)	Alláh(e'rob'boona).
A god or deity	Illah, as la illáh il' Alláh, “there is no deity but God.”
Good	ṯeieb, ṯýeb, me-léëh.
Good, excellent	mádan(i. e.a mine).
Good for nothing	bat-tál, ma es-wash hágeh.
Pretty good, fair	menáseb.
Goose	wiz.
Gossip,v.	dur'dish.
Governor,-ment	hákem, hōkmeh.
The government	el bayléeḵ, el wes̱éëh.
Gradual, little by little	shwō'-ya be shwō' ya.
A grain	hab.
A weight	ḵumh.
Grand	ā-zeém.
Gratis	bellésh.
Gratitude	mā'refet e'gemeél.
A grave	toórbeh, pl. toórob.
Grease	ziffr.
Great	kebéer, pl. koobár.
Greek	Roómee, borrowed from Romanaus.
Ancient Greek	Yoonánee, i. e. Ionian
Grieved (it has)	hazéën(sāb āláy).
Grind, v.	ís-ẖan.
A mortar	mús-ẖan, ẖōn (hōne).
Grind(in a mill), v.	ít-ẖan.
Groom	sý-is, seíïs.
Grotto	ma-ghára.
The ground	el ard.
A guard	ghufféer, pl. ghúffara.
Guard of a sword	bur'shuk.
Guard, v.	istaẖ'rus.
By guess	be tekh-meén.
A guide	khebeéree.
He is not guilty	má loósh zemb.
Gum	sumgh.
Gun	bendooḵéëh (being originally brought from Venice by the Arabs), baroót.
Gunpowder	baroót.
Gypsum	gips (gibs).
Hair	shar.
Half	noos, noosf.
In halves	noosaýn.
Halt, v.	wuk'kuf (wugguf).
Hammer, axe	ḵadoóm.
A hand	eed, yed.
Handful	keb'sheh.
Handkerchief	mandéel, máẖ-rama.
Hand, v.	now'el.
Happen	eg'ra, yig'ra, yes̱éer.
Happened	gerra, sār.
Happy	fer-hán, mabsoót.
Harbour	mer'seh, scála.
Hard	gámed, yábes.
Hare, rabbit	er'neb.
Harm	dur'rer, doróora, zurrer
To do harm, v.	door, idóor.
There is no harm (see Never mind)	ma feesh durrer.
In haste	ḵawám, belággel.
A hat	bornayta (from Ital.)
Hatchet	bal'ta, ḵadoóm.
Hate, v.	ek'rah, yek'rah.
I have	an'dee.
Have you?	an'dak?
Hawk	suḵr.
Hay	drees.
He, it	hoóa (she —), héea.
Head	rās, demágh.
Heal, v.	iṯéeb.
Heap	kôm (kôme).
Hear, v.	es'-ma.
Heart	ḵulb.
Heat, v.	sa'khen, ham'mee
Heat,s.	ẖar, sōkhnéëh, ẖam'moo.
Heaven	semma.
Heaven, paradise	gen'neh.
Heavy	teḵéel.
Hebrew	Hebránee, Yahóodee
The heel	el kāb.
Height	él-oo, elloo, ertifáh.
High ground	elwáich.
Hell	gohen'nem.
Herbs	ha-shéesh, khō-dár.
Here	hennee, hen'i.
Here it (he) is	a-hó, a-hó hennee.
Come here	taal hennee.

Hereafter	min de'lwáḵt,min elyōm, min-oo rýe.
Hide, v.	khub/bee.
Hidden	mista-khub/bee.
High	aálee.
Hill	kôm,gébel (gebbel).
Hinder, v.	hôsh.
Hire, s.	kerree, ar'ruḵ, ógera; v. ek'ree.
His	betá-oo; betáhtoo, fem.
Hold, v.	im'sek.
Hole	kherḵ.
Bored, pierced	makhrooḵ.
Hollow	fargh.
His home	báytoo.
At home	fil bayt.
Honest man	rágel mazboót.
Honey	assal ab'iad, assal e'nahl.
Hook (fish)	sunnára.
Hooks(and eyes)	khobshát.
Hooka	sheésheh, narḵileh (Turk.).
Hooka snake	ly, lei.
I hope, or please God	Inshállah.
Horn	horn; pl. ḵoróon.
Horse	hossán.
Horses	khayl.
Mare	farras.
Colt	mōẖ'r.
Horseman	khý-ál, fá-res.
Hot	ẖá-mee, sókhn.
Hot weather	ẖar.
House	bayt, men'zel, mes'kun.
Hour	sāā.
How	kayf.
How do you do?	kaýfak, zaý - ak, kayf-el-kayf, ṯýebéen.
Human	insanéëh.
Humbug, prevaricator.	sheḵlebán (sheg-lebán), khab'bás.
Humidity	rotóobeh, taráweh.
Humidity (dew)	(neddeh).
Hundred	méea, maia.
Two hundred	meetáyn.
Three hundred	toólte-meéa.
Hūngry	gayā'n, jayán.
Hunt, v.	s̱eed, is̱ṯád, ét-rood e's̱áyd.
Hunter	s̱yád, ghunnás, bōárdee, with gun.
In order that you may not hurt his feelings, or disappoint him	leg'leh ma teksérshee khátroo.
Husbandman	fel-láẖ; pl. fellaẖéen.
Husband	gôz, zōge.
Hyena	dob'h, dobbh.
I	ána.
Jackal	ṯáleb.
Jar	jar'ra, ḵiddreh.
Javelin	har'beh, khisht.
Ice	telg.
Identical	bizátoo.
Idle	tum'bal, battál.
Idol	sóora, mas-khóota.
Jealousy	gheéreh.
Jerusalem	el Ḵotts [Cadytis.]
Jessamine	yesméen.
In jest	bil dehek; see Joke.
Jew	Yahóodee.
Ancient Jews	Béni Izraéel.
If	in-kán, izakán, ízza, lo-kán, mut'tama.
Ignorant, novice	gha-shéem.
Ill, a.	me-show'-esh, aián, ai-yán.
Illness	ta-showéesh.
I imagine, v.	tekh-méenee, ana azóon.
It is impossible	ma yoomkin'sh, la yoómkin ébeden.
In, within	goóa; at, fee.
Incense	bokhár.
Income	erád.
Indeed	hatta.
Indigo	néeleh. [feréen.
Infidel	káfer, pl. koofár, ka-
Ingratitude	khusséëh, khussáseh
Ink	heb'r, hebber.
Inkstand	dowái, dowáieh.
Inquire, v.	sāāl, es'sāāl.
Inside	góoa, fee ḵulb.
Inside, s.	el ḵulb.
Insolence (of toolt e' lissán, kootr language)	el kalám.
For instance	mus'salen.
Instead	bedál.

Instrument	dooláb, i.e. machine.
Instrument tools	ed'deh.
Interpret, v.	ter'gem (translate).
Interpreter	tergimán, toorgimán.
Intestines	mussaréen.
Intoxicated	sakrán.
Intrigue, plot	fit'neh, khábs.
Intriguer	fettán, khabbás.
Joke	layb, mús-khera, dayhek, mézh.
Journey	saffer.
Joy	ferrah.
Joyful	fer'hán, mabsóot.
Iron	hadéet.
Irrigate, v.	is'ḵee.
Is there? there is	fee.
There is not	ma feésh.
Island	gezéereh.
Judge	ḵádee.
Its juice	móietoo.
Just	hakeeḵ, sedeeḵ.
Just now	tow.
Keep, take care of	istaẖ'rus, aẖ'fod, aẖ'fuz.
Keep, hold, v.	im'sek, hōsh (stop).
Kettle	buk'-rag.
Key	muf-táẖ.
Kick, v.	er'fus.
Kidney	kaýlweh, kílweh.
Kill, v.	mow'-et, mow'wet.
Killed	mat, mý-it.
Kind, s.	gens.
Kind, a.	sáhab maróof, hinéiin.
Kindle, v.	ḵeed (geed).
King	mélek (mellek,) sōlṯán.
Kingdom	mem'-lekeh.
Kiss	bos' sa.
Kitchen	mud'-bakh.
Kite, miluus	hedý (hedéí).
Knee	rook'-beh.
Knave	ebn ha-rám.
Knife	sekéen; pl. sekakéen.
Penknife	mátweh.
Knot	ōḵ'-deh.
Know, v.	áref.
I do not know	ma aráfshee, ma máish khábber.
Knowledge	maý-refeh, maýrefeh.
Labour	tāāb.
Ladder	sil'lem.
Lady	sit, sit'teh(mistress).
Lake, pond, pool	beer'keh.
Lame	ā'rug.
Lamp	ḵandéel, mus'rag.
Lance	hárbeh.
Land	ard, bur (opp. to sea).
Lantern	fa-nóos.
Large	kebéer, aréed, wá-sa.
Lark	koomba.
The last	el á-kher, el akhránee.
Last, v.	ō'kut ketéer, istáhmel.
It is late	el wakt ráẖ.
Laugh, v.	it'-hak.
Laughter	déhek.
Law, justice	shúrrā.
Lay, v.	er'koot.
Lay, v. a.	ruḵḵet.
Lazy	tum'bal.
Lead, s.	rossáss.
Leaf (of book)	wáraḵeh, war'raḵ.
Leap, v.	noot (nut).
Learn, v.	itaálem, álem.
Lease (of a house)	ō'gera, kérree.
Leather	gild matboók (matboóg).
Leave, s.	ez'n, egázeh.
Without leave	min ghayr egázeh.
Leave, v.	khal'lee, foot.
Leaven	ḵhumméer.
Ledge	soffa.
Leech	áluḵ.
Leek	kōrát.
Left, a.	shemál, yesár.
Leg	rigl.
Lemon	laymoon, laymoon málẖ.
Lemon (European kind)	laymoon Adália.
Lend, v.	iddee-sellef, éslif.
Length	tool.
Lengthen, v. n.	it'-wel.
Lengthen, v. a.	tow'-el.
Lentils	atz, ads, addus.
Leopard	nimr.
Less	as'-gher, aḵúll.

Let go, or alone, v.	sý-eb, khallee.
Letter	harf, pl. haróof.
Letter, epistle	maktóob, gow-'áb, warraḵeh.
Level	mesow'wee.
Level, v.	sow'wee.
Liar	keddáb.
Lie	kidb.
Liberate, enfranchise, v.	á-tuk.
Liberated	matóok.
Life	om'r, hý-a.
Lift, v.	sheel, er'fa, ayn.
Light, a.	khaféef.
Light colour	maftóoh.
Light, s.	noor.
Light the candle	wúlla e' shem'mā.
Give light to, v.	now'-er.
Lightning	berk.
As you like	ala kaýfak, ala mezágak, ala ḵúrradak.
Like, a.	zay, míttel, mitl, kayf.
In like manner	gazálik el omr, gathálik.
I like	yagébnee.
I should like	fee khátree, biddee.
Lime	geer.
Lime (fruit)	laymoón hélw (hel'oo).
Line, or mark	khot, suttr (of a book).
Linen-cloth	ḵōmásh ḵettán.
Linseed	bizr kettán.
Lion	as'sad, sába.
Lip	shiffeh.
Listen, v.	sen'ned.
Listen, hear	es'mā.
Listen to, take advice	tow'wā.
Little, small	sogheer, zwýer.
Little, not much	shwōya.
Live, v.	äésh, esh.
Liver	kib'deh.
Lizard	boorse, sahléeh.
Load	hem'leh.
Load, v.	ham'mel.
Loaf of bread	raḵeéf esh.
Lock	kaylóon.
Lock wooden	dob'beh.
Padlock	ḵufl.
Lock, v.	éḵ-fel.
Lofty	álee.
Long	tow-éel.
Look, v.	shoof, bōss, óndoor.
Loose, a.	wása.
Loosen, v.	sý-eb, hell; see Undo.
At liberty	me-sý-eb, meséieb.
Lose, v.	dý-aẖ.
Love	hōb.
Love, v.	ẖeb.
Low	wátee.
Lupins	tirmes, tur'mis (Copt.).
Machine	dooláb.
Mad	magnoón.
Madam	sittee.
Magazine.	ẖás̱el, shôn, shóona, mákhzen.
Maggot	doot.
Magic	saýher (sayhr).
Male	dthúkker.
Female	netý-eh, netý, oon'seh.
Make, v.	aámel.
Made	mamóol.
Mallet	doḵmáḵ.
Man	rágel; pl. regál.
Mankind	insán, beni ádam (sons of Adam).
Manufactory.	wer'sheh.
Many	ketéer.
Marble	ro-khám.
Mark, v.	álem.
Mark, s.	a-lám; see Line.
Market	sooḵ, bazár.
Marrow	môkh.
Marry, v.	gow'-es, zow'-eg.
Mast	sá-ree.
Master	sid, seed.
Mat, s.	hasséereh, (hasséera); pl. hossor.
What's the matter?	khabbar áy, gerra áy.
What's with you?	málaḵ.
Matters	omóor.
Matters things	asheeat.

Mattrass	mar'taba.
Measure	meezán.
Measure of length	ḵeeás.
Meat	lahm.
Meet, v.	ḵabel.
Medicine	dow'-a, dow'eh.
Memory	fikr, bāl.
Merchant	táger, hawágee*, mesébbub.
Mercury	zaýbuḵ.
Messenger	sýee, sáï.
Metals, mine	má-dan.
Middle	woost (Eng. waist).
Middle-sized	woostánee.
Mighty, able	ḵáder.
Milk	lub'ben (lub'bun), haléeb.
A mill	ta-ẖóon.
Press mill	mā's̱arah.
Minaret	madneh.
Never mind	See Never and Harm.
A mine	mádan; pl. maádin.
Mine, of me	betáee; f. betáhtee.
Minute, s.	daḵéeḵeh; pl. daḵý-iḵ.
Mirror, s.	miráëh, mōrái.
Mix, v.	ekh'-let.
Mixed	makhlóot.
Modest	mestaýhee.
Moist	táree; see Humidity.
Monastery	dayr.
Money	floos (from obolus?).
Monkey	nesnás.
Monk	ráhib; pl. robbán.
Month	shaẖr; pl. shōẖóor, ésh-ẖoor.
Names of the Arabic Months. 1. Moẖarrem. 2. Saffer. 3. Rebéëh 'lówel. 4. Rebéëh 'l-á-kher. 5. Goómad-owel. 6. Góomad-akher 7. Reg'eb. 8. Shábán. 9. Ramadán. 10. Showál. 11. El Ḵádeh, or Zul-ḵádeh. 12. El Hō'g-h, or Zul-Heg (Hag).
Moon	ḵumr (masc.)
Moral, a.	mazboót.
Morning	soobẖ, sabáẖ.
Dawn	feg'r (fegger).
Sunrise	télāt e'shems.
Forenoon	dá-ẖah.
Mid-day	dōhr.
Afternoon	ásser.
Sunset	múgh-reb.
1 1/2 hour after sunset	esh'a, ash'a.
Evening	messa, ashéëh.
Good morning	sabál khayr, sabákoom bel-khayr.
Morrow	boókra, báker.
the day after	bad boókra.
A Mortar	hōne, hôn, mús-han.
Mosk	gámah, músged (from séged, to bow down).
Moth (of clothes)	ḵitteh.
Mother	om.
Mother of pearl	sudduf.
My (his) mother	ommee (ommoo).
Move, v. n.	haz.
Move v. a.	ḵow'wum.
Mountain	geb'el (gebbel), pl. gebál.
Mount, ascend, v.	et'la fōke (fôk).
Mount, ride, v.	érkub.
Mouth	fom, hannak (han'ak).
Much	keteér (see Quantity, and What).
Mud	teen, waẖ-l.
Mug	kooz.
Musk	misk.
Musquito	namóos.
Musquito net	namooséëh.
You must	lázem.
Mustard	khar'del.
Mutton	lahm dánee.
My	betáee; betáhtee, fem., as, farras betáhtee, my mare.
My son	ebnee.
Nail	mesmár.
Nail, v.	sum'mer.

* Hawagee, a Christian; Khowagee, a Moslem.

Naked	arián.
Name	esm.
Napkin	mah'rama, vulgarly foóta.
Narrow	dýik, dthéiik.
Nature, the Creator	el kháluḵ.
Near	ḵarý-ib (garei-ib).
Neat, elegant	zeréef.
It is necessary	lázem, élzem.
Neck	ruḵ-abeh (rúḵḵabeh).
Needle	eb'ree, pl. ō'bar.
Needle packing	mesélleh, maýber.
Negro	abd (“slave”), rágel as'wed.
Neighbours	geerán, sing. gar.
Neither (one nor the other)	wulla wáhed wulla e'tánee.
Net	shébbekeh.
Never	eb'eden, ebbeden.
Never mind, v.	malésh, ma annóosh.
New	gedéet, gedéed.
News, to tell,	khabber (khabbar).
Next	e'tánee (ettánee), alagemboo (at its side).
Nick-name	nuḵb, laḵb.
Night	layl, pl. layál.
Nitre	sub'bukh.
Nitre refined	baróot abiad.
No, nor	la, wulla.
Noble, prince	eméer, améer, pl. ómara.
North	shemál, báhree.
Nose	monokhéer, unf.
Not	moosh.
Not so	mooh kéddee, moosh kéza.
Nothing, none	ma feesh há-geh.
For nothing	belésh.
Now	de'lwáḵt [see Day].
A great number	ketéer ḵowee.
Number, v.	áẖseb, edd.
The Numbers.	El Eddud.
1, wáhed.	5, khámsa.
2, ethnéen.	6, sitteh, sitt.
3, theláta.	7, sábā.
4, er'bā.	8, themánieh.
9, tésā (tes'sā).	16, sittásher.
10, ásherah.	17, sabātásher.
11, hedásher.	18, themantásher.
12, ethnásher.	19, tesātásher.
13, thelatásher.	20, āsheréen.
14, erbātásher.	21, wáhed oo āsheréen, etc.
15, khamstásher.
30, thelatéen.	100, méea (see Hundred).
40, erbāéen.
50, khamséen.	101, meea oo wáhed.

AMIENS	BY CARON.
AVRANCHES	LANSARD DESJARDINS.
BAYONNE	JAYMEBON.
BORDEAUX	CHAMAS; LAWALLE.
BOULOGNE	WATEL; MERRIDEW.
BREST	HEBERT.
CAEN	AVONDE; MANCEL.
CALAIS	LEROY.
DIEPPE	MARAIS.
DINANT	COSTE.
DUNKERQUE	LEYSCHOCHART.
GRENOBLE	VELLOT ET COMP.
HAVRE	COCHARD.
LILLE	VANACKERE.
LYONS	BOHAIRE.
MARSEILLE	TERRIS.
MASVERT	CHAIX.
METZ	BY WARION.
MONTPELLIER	LEVALLE.
NANCY	GONET.
NANTES	GUE'RAUD.
ORLEANS	GATINEAU; RESTY.
PARIS	GALIGNANI; STASSIN ET XAVIER.
PAU	MARKHAM.
PERPIGNAN	JULIA FRERES.
REIMS	BRISSART BINET.
ROUEN	LEBRUMENT.
ST. MALO	HUE.
STRASBOURG	LEVRAULT; LAGIER.
TOULON	MONGE ET VILLAMUS.
TOULOUSE	GALLON; H. LEBON.
TOURS	AIGRE; BONTE.
TROYES	LALOY.

AIX-LA-CHAPELLE	BY I. D. MAYER; L. KOHNEN.
AMSTERDAM	J. MULLER.
BADEN-BADEN	D. R. MARX.
BERLIN	A. DUNCKER.
BRUSSELS	C. MUQUARDT; KIESSLING & CO.; A. DECQ; W. TODD.
CARLSRUHE	CREUZBAUER & CO. AND A. BIELEFELD.
COBLENTZ	BAEDEKER.
COLOGNE	L. KOHNEN; A. BAEDOKER.
DRESDEN	ARNOLD.
FRANKFURT	C. JÜGEL; F. WILMANS.
GRATZ	DAMIAN & SORGE.
HAMBURG	PERTHES, BESSER, & MAUKE.
HEIDELBERG	J. C. B. MOHR.
LEIPZIG	BY. T. O. WEIGEL.
MANNHEIM	ARTARIA & FONTAINE.
MUNICH	LITERARISCH-ARTISTISCHE ANSTALT & I. PALM.
NÜRNBERG	CAMPE.
PESTH	HARTLEBEN & G. HECKENAST.
PRAGUE	CALVE.
ROTTERDAM	A. BAEDEKER; MRS. KRAP.
STUTTGART	P. NEFF.
TURIN	GIANNINI & FIORE; J. BOCCA, MARIETTI.
VIENNA	BRAUMÜLLER & SEIDEL; C. GEROLD, P. ROHRMAN, SCHAÜM. BURG & CO.

ANCONA BY
BOLOGNA	M. RUSCONI, FRÈRES.
BERGAMO
BRESCIA
FLORENCE	JOS. MOLINI.
GENOA	ANTOINE BEUF
LEGHORN	ROLANDI.
LUCCA	F. BARON.
MALTA	MURE.
MANTUA	NEGRETTI, FRÈRES.
MILAN	F. ARTARIA & SON; MM. DUMOLARD & FILS; MOLINARI; P. & J. VALLARDI.
MODENA	VINCENZI & ROSSI.
NICE	BY THE SOCIETE TYPOGRAPHIQUE; VISCONTI.
NAPLES	CARLO BATELLI & CO.
PALERMO	CHARLES BEUF.
PARMA	J. ZANGHIERI.
PISA	NISTRI, FRÈRES; JOS. VANNUCCHI.
PERUGIA	VINCENZ. BARTELLI.
ROME	VENANZIO MONALDINI; M. MERLE.
SIENNA	ONORATO TORRI.
TURIN	GIANNINI & FIORE; BOCCA; MARIETTI.
VENICE	HERMAN F. MÜNSTER

AARAU	BY SAUERLAENDER.
BASLE	SCHREIBER & WATZ.
BERN	HUBER & CO.
CONSTANCE	GLÜCKER.
FREIBURG	HERDER.
ST. GALLEN	HUBER.
GENEVA	KESSMANN; MONROE.
LAUSANNE	GERS.
LUCERNE	BY MEYER.
MÜHLHAUSEN	ENGELMANN.
ROTWEIL	HERDER.
SCHAFFHAUSEN	HURTER.
SOLEURE	REUTER.
THUN	GRUBENMANN.
WINTERTHUR	STEINER.
ZÜRICH	H. FÜSSLI & CO.

INTRODUCTION.
a. Journey from England to Egypt. — b. Expenses to Egypt and India by France. — c. Steamers from Marseilles to Egypt. — d. Steamers from England, by Gibraltar and Malta, to Alexandria and India. — e. Quarantine, on returning from Egypt.
SECT. I. — EGYPT. PRELIMINARY INFORMATION.
	Page
a. Season for Visiting Egypt — Time required — Expenses of the Journey. — b. Things useful for the Journey in Egypt. — c. Mode of Living in Egypt, and Diseases of the Country. — d. Dress. — e. Presents. — f. Firmans. — g. Money. — h. Weights and Measures. — i. Post Office. — j. Population and Revenue. — k. Mohammed Ali. — l. Chronological Table. — m. List of Caliphs and Sultans of Egypt. — n. Certain Points requiring Examination. — o. English and Arabic Vocabulary	1
Route 1. — London to Alexandria	71
ALEXANDRIA.
1. Arrival at Alexandria. — 2. Hotels. — 3. Servants. — 4. Boats. — 5. Things to be purchased at Alexandria for the Journey to Cairo. — 6. History of Alexandria. — 7. Plan of Alexandria, and site and description of the Buildings. — 8. Monuments outside the Canopic Gate. — 9. Present remains of Ancient Alexandria. — 10. Its Size and Importance. — 11. Inhabitants. — 12. Climate — The Lake Mareotis — Canals. — 13. The two Ports, Gates, Walls — The Old Docks. — 14. Mosks, and other Buildings within the Walls. — 15. Amusements and Sights in Modern Alexandria	71
Route 2. — Alexandria to Rosetta, by Land	102
Route 3. — Rosetta to Atfeh and Cairo, by Water	105
Route 4. — Alexandria to Cairo, by Land, through the Delta	105
Route 5. — Alexandria to Cairo, by the Western Bank	106

Title: HAND-BOOK FOR TRAVELLERS IN EGYPT

Contents

HAND-BOOK FOR TRAVELLERS IN EGYPT.