Photoelectron spectroscopy of negatively, charged clusters of aluminum, copper, silver, and gold reveals electronic shell structure and electron energy band development. Photodetachment experiments on Au$\sb6\sp-$ also ...

The spontaneous polarization of thin film LiNbO$\sb3$ has been shown to be reversible with the application of an electric field at room temperature. This electric field is applied across the sample in the form of a voltage ...

Spin-polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy (SPEELS) has been used to investigate several paramagnetic surfaces. In this technique, a low energy beam of spin-polarized electrons from a GaAs source is directed at the ...

Resonant X-ray scattering has been observed in lanthanides and actinides. The observed scattering is sensitive to magnetization, but it arises primarily from electric, rather than magnetic, multipole transitions. The ...

Ferroelectric thin films of lithium niobate have been epitaxially grown on a variety of silicon and gallium arsenide substrates by reactive r.f. sputtering. The deposition process was optimized by independently varying the ...